Method For Characterisation Of Laser Beams Engineering Essay Free Essays

Particularly in the field of optical maser direct authorship lithography it is necessary to derive exact cognition about the form and features of the used optical maser beam, whilst a homogenous power distribution is an indispensable parametric quantity for qualitatively good and consistent consequences in surface structuring. Several â€Å" classical † methods in word picture of optical maser beams are already applied, such as: Knife border method Slit method Pinhole method CCD camera method These techniques will be shortly explained in subdivision 2. In fact, a optical maser beam ( â€Å" standard TEM00 † ) fades bit by bit, due to its Gaussian profile ( Figure 1 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Method For Characterisation Of Laser Beams Engineering Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore it is necessary to find what is known as the Centre of the beam. Chapple [ 1 ] describes the strength profile I ( x, y ) as follows: where ten and Y are the cross Cartesian co-ordinates of any point, x0 and y0 mark the Centre of the beam and R is the 1/e2 radius. This definition is frequently used in theory. McCally [ 2 ] defines the Gaussian distribution of the strength I ( x, y ) by agencies of the beam radius R belonging to the 1/e irradiance shown in Figure 1 ( left ) . The emitted power of the optical maser beginning can be determined by incorporating the irradiance ( I ) , severally the optical strength I ( x, y ) , over the affected cross sectional country A: 2. Techniques of beam profiling Knife border method To derive information about the power distribution across a cross sectional plane of a optical maser beam, the use of the knife border method is the most simple attack. Thereby, a crisp edged home base, e.g. a razor blade, is ab initio covering the whole optical maser beam in forepart of a power metre for continues wave radiation or an energy metre for pulse operation. By precise line wise supplanting of the knife border mounted on a additive motion phase, more and more optical maser radiation reaches the detector unit, until the whole beam is covering the feeling country. Figure 1 ( right ) shows the consequence of this measurement process: Due to the motion of the knife edge the value of the detected power additions steadily. The derived function of this power map P ( x, Y ) yields the two dimensional Gaussian profile of the power distribution across the optical maser beam ( Figure 1, left ) . Slit method A 2nd possibility to find the power distribution within a optical maser beam is similar to the knife border method: Alternatively of a crisp edged home base, a really narrow slit is step by step moved across the optical maser beam. As a stipulation for valid measurings the gap of the slit has to be smaller than the diameter of the considered beam is. Typically this gap is in the scope of some micrometers. Drawbacks of â€Å" traditional methods † The knife edge- every bit good as the slit method offer merely a limited measure of beam features: local â€Å" hot-spots † , i.e. countries of superior power, are undetectable due to the incorporating measurement rule. However this method is suited for speedy measurings to find the diameter and the class strength profile of the considered optical maser beam. Pinhole method This method measures the strength of irradiance through a really little hole in a home base ( pinhole ) confronting the optical maser beam. The strength of light go throughing through this pinhole is instead low, so that a photomultiplier tubing ( PMT ) has to be used to observe the irradiance. Due to the feature of a PMT, e.g. its comparatively low signal to resound ration ( SNR ) , the collected informations are corrugated. However the strength distribution can be achieved within a local declaration of about 3micron by using a Gaussian tantrum. Therefore by transversal scanning across a optical maser beam, a high declaration image of the power distribution within the beam can be gained. Hot musca volitanss are noticeable and more elaborate characteristics can be located. CCD Camera method Differing from the scanning methods described above, the use of CCD ( Charge-coupled Device ) cameras for the review of optical maser musca volitanss will give a really speedy feeling of the power distribution within the beam by merely a â€Å" individual shooting † . The quality of the image, e.g. the declaration, is straight depending on size and figure of pels on the CCD-Sensor-chip. Typically the pel size is in the scope of 6 microns2, linked to a entire figure of pels in the scope of 1 to 2 mega pels. By utilizing this method it must be noted, that dust and other drosss on the CCD bit can ensue in image deformation and/or misinterpretable beam characteristics. Furthermore, attention must be taken non to destruct the CCD bit by the incident optical maser beam. 3. Beam word picture by agencies of optical fibers tips To get the better of the limited declaration of the CCD- and pinhole method, severally, a new strength profile measuring technique has been developed. Similar to the pinhole method described above, an optical fiber tip with an aperture of a few 100 nanometer is applied to roll up light by scanning across a optical maser beam transversely. A photomultiplier tubing ( PMT ) attached at the out-coupling terminal of the fiber detects the gathered visible radiation during the scanning procedure so that a two-dimensional image of the strength distribution can be evaluated. By altering the sidelong place of the fibre tip, multiple cross sectional planes can be scanned, taking to a three-dimensional image of the strength distribution e.g. within a focussed optical maser beam. 3.1 Near-field matching into the optical fiber â€Å" Classical † attacks to picture the incoupling of visible radiation into the fibre tip fail, due to the really little gap of the fibre tip ( aperture ) , in the scope of some hundred nanometers, which is considerable smaller than the wavelength of the optical maser visible radiation within the focal point. Due to this really little gap, one can speak about the so called â€Å" close field † To derive information arising from the close field and to transport this information into the far field, it is necessary to transform the evanescent Fieldss into propagating Fieldss. This could be done by seting a Centre of dispersing, in this instance the really narrow tip, into the close field. Thereby dipole- oscillations are generated at the boundary of this tip by agencies of the evanescent field ( Figure 2 ) . With: I µ0= vacuity permittivity ; =unit vector ; = wave vector: 2/ I » ; I†°= angular frequence of the oscillation and utilizing the dipole-moment: With: a=diameter of the gap ; I µr=relative permittivity The undermentioned footings for the far field ( R lt ; lt ; I »/2 ) and the close field ( R gt ; gt ; I »/2 ) can be derived, and one gets not-propagating every bit good as propagating field constituents: Respectively: The propagating field is straight linked to the close field and can be detected afar. The simulation of the electrical field generated by a plane moving ridge of 1 V/m, heading to a fibre tip, is shown in Fig 3. Based on an optical power of 10mW dispersed on an country of 1 square micrometer, ( which is a instead large country ) , one get by utilizing: with: I= Optical Intensity ; S=Pointing vector ; v=velocity ; E0=electrical field ; D0= electric initiation denseness ; n= index of refraction ( here air: 1.0 ) ; I µ0= vacuity permittivity ( rounded: 10-11 F/m ) = 1010 V/m It has to be noted that the field within the tip is exponentially diminishing ( refer to formula N ) and by this merely a really little portion of the generated electrical field, in this illustration 5*1010 V/m straight at the tip, can be detected at the out matching terminal of the fiber by the PMT. 3.2 Apparatus The PI P-854.00 piezoelectric actuator used in this apparatus has a displacement scope of 25A µm for all right placement and can besides be pre-positioned by a micrometer-screw more approximately. The sensing of gathered visible radiation is done by a Hamamatsu H5784 type photomultiplier tubing ( PMT ) with an E5776 FC type adapter attached ( Figure 4 ) A fibre holder mounted to the piezoelectric actuator is used to take and protect the optical fiber tip during the scanning procedure. After elaboration ( x10 by transimpedance amplifier phase ) and filtering of the gathered strength informations it is converted into digital informations by agencies of a National Instruments 6025e PCI interface card. 3.3 Fibre tip production For this application the optical fiber type used to bring forth the tips is a individual manner fiber manufactured by Newport. Its cut-off wavelength is optimised for the usage of optical masers in the wavelength scope of 400nm -500nm. There are two possibilities to develop the conelike tip of an optical fiber harmonizing to the petitions of a Scaning close field optical lithography ( SNOL ) – fibre tip: The optical fiber tip can be realised by: Pulling methods Chemical etching During the pulling process the optical fiber is preloaded before it is heated up locally with a CO2-laser or a heating-film and forced to run. As the thaw procedure begins, the puller stretches the optical fiber with extra force apart, so that the fiber is tapert first and eventually cryings itself bring forthing two tips. The belongingss of the optical fiber tips produced this manner vary on the different parametric quantities of the puller – as for illustration the drawing force. Normally, all pulled SNOL-tips show a really thin geometry ( e.g. Figure 4, left ) . This is particularly disadvantageous for the considered application, because this thin construction tends to flex and hover. More stiff fibers, which have tips with higher cone angle, are more suited Furthermore, these fibers tips feature a really little transmittal of 10-5 to 10-6 due to the long form of the tip, in which the visible radiation is evanescent ( exponentially diminishing ) . Larger cone angles and correspondingly a higher transmittal up to 10-2 is reached by engraved SNOL- fiber tips as used in this work. Several etching methods exist to bring forth fibre tips. The process used here is the so called â€Å" tube-etching † . After cleansing of the optical fiber by agencies of ethyl alcohol, the fiber is immersed into hydrofluoric acid. ( Figure 5 ) The undermentioned chemical reactions take topographic point to the Si contained in the fiber – and/or with the Ge at doped fibers: Tube-Etching is a farther development of the standard etching-method, invented by Turner in 1984, published by Stoeckel et Al. and Lambelet et Al. [ 4, 5, 6 ] This process improves the production of well smoother tip surfaces. At the tube-Etching process the coating of the optical fiber is non removed before the etching procedure. Due to gravity drawn debasement of the glass merchandises, a concentration incline arises in the hydrofluoric acid, which causes convection. The convection carries the hydrofluoric acid into the upper zone of the tip that develops therefore conically. To forestall corrosion by hydrofluoric acid exhausts at the upper parts the fiber, a light mineral oil was used as a dissolver to gain a separate stage above the hydrofluoric acid. The temperature during the production of the tips corresponded to room temperature. By completion of the tube-etching procedure the coating of the optical fiber is removed by dichlorine methane and the tip can be metallized, go forthing a little aperture. 4. Consequences A trial rig has been build utilizing optical fiber tips for automized three-dimensional strength profile scanning ( Figure 3 ) . With this it is possible to derive information about the spacial power distribution within optical maser beams. Due to the little aperture of the fiber tip even really little focal parts can be profiled with high local declaration. Corresponding package was developed to command the traveling x-y phase, every bit good as the omega actuator automatically utilizing LabviewA © . Therefore, it is possible to scan across the optical maser beam tomographically, while roll uping strength informations. The information can either be displayed or visualised by agencies of the scanning package itself. Using a new developed package based on OpenGlA © , the strength informations can be displayed in a 3 dimensional image ( Figure 7 ) with the chance to revolve the way of position in all grades of freedom. Furthermore, different mathematical filters can be applied to better image quality. By scanning more transverse sectional planes, individual pieces can be shown in an â€Å" overlayed † manner, to detect the focal point â€Å" traveling † due to the sidelong alteration of the fibre tip ( Figure 8 ) 3. Decision A fresh method for high deciding beam word picture particularly for little aperture optical masers has been described. With this automized 3- dimensional series scanning method it is possible to derive information about the spacial power distribution within a optical maser topographic point. 4. Figures / Artwork Figure 1: [ left ] Theoretical power distribution within a TEM 00 optical maser beam can be described by a Gaussian profile [ right ] Integrated optical maser power measured with the knife border method as a map of the cross sectional co-ordinate ten. Figure 2: [ left ] E-field in the close field of the tip when illuminated by plane moving ridge with field strength of 1 V/m, polarised along the axes of the tip [ right ] Cross-sectional position of an optical fiber tip with an cone angle † I? † and an radius from the aperture rim † R † .The associated electric field lines are plotted in logarithmic mode [ 3 ] Figure 3: Principle and image of the apparatus for high deciding optical maser beam profiling Figure 4: Comparison of a fibre tip produced by the drawing method [ left ] and a fibre tip produced by etching [ right ] Figure 5: Conventional representation of the aˆztube- etching method † Figure 6: [ left ] Fibre tip generated by the etching method after 60min etching clip ( delight mention to Figure 4 â€Å" B † ) [ right ] Fibre tip generated by the etching method after 120min etching clip ( delight mention to Figure 4 â€Å" degree Celsiuss † ) Figure 7: Beam profile of a DVD optical pickup unit ( OPU ) gained with the fiber tip based system ( declaration: 150nm ) Figure 8: [ left ] 12- measure sidelong scan through a ( TEM00 ) optical maser focal point of a DVD optical pickup unit ( OPU ) gained with the fiber tip based system ( cross position ) [ right ] ( sidelong position ) 5 Literatures: [ 1 ] Chapple, P.B. , ( 1994 ) , Beam waist and M2 measuring utilizing a finite slit, Opt. Eng. , 33, 2461-2466 [ 2 ] McCally, R.L. , ( 1984 ) Measurement of Gaussian beam parametric quantities, Appl. Opt. , 23, 2227 [ 3 ] Drezet, A. , Nasse, M.J. , Huant, S. , Woehl, J.C. , ( 2004 ) , The optical near-field of an aperture tip ; Europhys. Lett. , 66 ( 1 ) , 41-47 [ 4 ] Stockle, R. , Fokas, C. , Deckert, V. , Zenobi, R. , Sick, B. , Hecht, B. , Wild, U.P. , ( 1999 ) , High quality near field optical investigations by tubing etching, Applied Physics Letters, 75 ( 2 ) , 160-2 [ 5 ] Lambelet, P. , Sayah, A. , Pfeffer, M. , Philipona, C. , Marquis Weible, F. , ( 1998 ) , Chemically etched fiber tips for close field optical microscopy: a procedure for smoother tips, Applied Optics, 37 ( 31 ) , 7289-7292 [ 6 ] Suh, Y. , Zenobi, R. , ( 2000 ) , Improved Probes for Scaning Near Field Optical Microscopy, Advanced Materials, 12 ( 15 ) , 1139-1142 6.0 Keywords: Near field, far field, optical maser beam, focal point, focal plane, fibre tip, pinhole, knife border 7.0 Terminology: I= Intensity [ W/m ] P=Power [ W ] A=Area [ m^2 ] I »=Wavelength [ m ] E=Energy [ W/s ] I µ= Vacuum permittivity [ A2A ·s4A ·kg-1A ·m-3 ] I µr=Relative permittivity [ A2A ·s4A ·kg-1A ·m-3 ] =Unit vector =Wave vector: 2/ I » t=Time [ s ] I†°= Angular frequence of the oscillation [ s-1 ] =Dipole-moment [ AA ·m2 ] a=Diameter of the gap [ m ] How to cite Method For Characterisation Of Laser Beams Engineering Essay, Essay examples

Week 4 Discussion Questions free essay sample

Week 4 Discussion Questions †¢What are main elements in calculating the cost of capital? How does an increase in debt affect it? How do you identify an organization’s optimal cost of capital? †¢The main elements in calculating the cost of capital are cost of debt, cost of equity, preferred stock and common stock. †¢An increase in debt indicates a higher risk which can increase the required rate of return which raises the cost of capital. Higher debt can also accrue additional costs. †¢By mixing the permanent sources of funds used by the organization that will maximize their common stock price or searching for the funds mix that will minimize the organization’s composite cost of capital. †¢What is meant by WACC? What are some components of WACC? Why is WACC a more appropriate discount rate when doing capital budgeting? What is the effect on WACC when an organization raises long-term capital? WACC stands for the weighted average cost of capital which is a weighted average of all costs incurred by the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Week 4 Discussion Questions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †¢Some of the components of WACC are various sources of capital such as bonds, preferred stock, and common equity, including retained earnings. †¢WACC is a more appropriate discount rate when doing capital budgeting because it uses after tax costs and the weights show the entire amount of financing on a percentage level. This gives the company the knowledge of what rate of return it needs to satisfy stockholders and creditors. †¢Raising long term capital leaves a chance for rates of maturity to change making the company look for risk free rates. The company would need to make sure they can meet the risk and the changing required rate of return as well as the changing rates that affect costs and fees. †¢What is an IPO? How does an IPO allow an organization to grow financially? When is a merger or an acquisition, instead of an IPO, more appropriate? An IPO stands for Initial Public offering. It is the first time a company’s stock is sold to the public. †¢An IPO opens them up to investors and trading on the secondary market. It raises new capital and provides liquidity. †¢When companies need to join forces to grow and avoid certain costs associated with IPO’s which can be quite large. This is more for companies that are not big enough but want a quick growth or for comp anies that cannot afford to take on too much risk.

Keydy Vasquez Cerrato Essays (483 words) - , Term Papers

Keydy Vasquez Cerrato Mr. Parker U.S History January 23, 2017 World War 1 DBQ Essay "Our motive will not be revenge or the victorious assertion of the physical might of the nation, but only the vindication of right, of which we are only a single champion." (Wilson) the First World War was one of the most destructive and deadliest wars of all time. Several countries participated in the war. When the se major European nations went to war in 1914, the majority of Americans wanted nothing to do with the raging war. In April 2, 1917, Woodrow Wilson asked Congress for a decla ration of war to make the world "safe for democracy." However, there is sti ll heated and debated argument going on: Could America's involvement in World War One been avoided by Wilson? There are several reasons why President Wilson could not avoid getting America involve in WW1. The Germans attacked boats holding Americans civilians. America was threatened by German and the allies would have lost. For the first few years of WW1, America made sure to stay out of the way. However when the German's attacked and destroyed the Lusitania and other ships, carrying American civilian . Many were in an uproar about the deaths and knew something had to be done to stop the Germans. The German promised that they would not sink unarmed passenger ships without warning, however, twice they promised, and didn't keep it. Americans thought that if these killings were to continue, then the US would have to intervene. In January of 1917, Germany was suffering from supply shortages do to blo ckades taking action. Germany had their foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman send a telegram to Mexico, stating that if the U.S. declared war on Germany, that Mexico should do the same to the U.S. the tele gram was intercepted and given to American authorities. Although most leaders believed that Mexico would go to war, Americans were shocked with the publication of the telegram and wanted to enter the war. When the war broke out in the summer of 1914, it was like any other war. However when Germany started its campaign of unrestricted submarine warfare, it was clear that Germany and its allies pleaded for help from America. Without America sending in fresh troops and military supplies to the French and The British, The Allies would more than likely have fallen and be under the control of Germany. In conclusion, American involvement in World War 1 couldn't have been avoided by President Wilson. All these event lead to America being involved in the World War. The Lusitania, the Zimmerman Note and the Allies all happened, and no matter how hard America tried to not get involved, it eventually happened and they just got caught in the heat of the moment.

Importance Of Bank Essays

Importance Of Bank Essays Importance Of Bank Essay Importance Of Bank Essay Why banks are important in an economy Bank is an organization or financial institution whose current operations are accepting deposit money and giving loans (slideshareinc 2012), bank is one of the type of financial intermediary(state of Connecticut). Understandings of a bank are varying, depending on the views of people. In past, bank only place to saving and borrowing money. Now understanding of the bank is growing with the development of the bank function in todays modern life.For example as an executive payment and storage of valuables (Demand Media, inc 2012) The Function of a bank is to ensure the safety and soundness of banks, maintain the efficiency financial structure and financial system, maintain financial balance or stability and secure costumer from abuses (Dileep Mehta and Hung-Gay Fung 2004)On the other side, bank also manages financial in a country (Franklin Allen and Elena Carletti 2008) There are many types of bank, such as saving banks, commercial banks, industrial bank and central bank (preserveArticles. com 2012).Differences of bank type will impact to the usage and function of a bank such as central bank can create money to be used in country, but commercial bank or saving bank only can save costumers money that they deposit and give loans to other who need it. Let us look deeper into the Role of a Central Bank in a country, as well as its importance in helping developing countries to have a stable economic growth and for developed countries to maintain its economic growth (preserveArticles. com 2012). Bank has a very important role especially in those developing countries.Since the developing countries do not have well-organized money and capital markets, a Central Bank will provide a solution to develop the banking and financial system in the country. Thus, in a long term, Central bank will aim to achieve a stable economic growth for the country as well as internal stability by adopting such a monetary policy that can control inflationar y tendencies and ensure price-stability, since developing countries are vulnerable to inflationary pressures (PreserveArticle. com). Other than that, Central Bank can also act as a promoter.By using its credit control instruments (i. e. , bank rate, variable cash-reserve ratio, etc) it can provide an incentive for people to have confidence in developing a banking habits and improve the investment rate in the country (PreserveArticle. com) In developed countries maintaining a good financial system is the main objective of the Central bank. Thus having a good financial system, will ensure the country to be able to avoid booms and bust cycles, as well as inflationary scare. After that being achieved, improving the country’s economic growth would be the next step in the agenda.From the understanding of the bank, it can be concluded that bank does not give or create new wealth to the country except Central bank. It happen because Central bank who can create money only one, the oth er just commercial bank. Most of the banks are just doing the saving and borrowing. Bank plays an important role in the economy of the State, because they take advantage of the savings or deposit from the costumers and mobilize the savings money for investment or rising capital of a country (Blurtit. itd).Bankstypicallyprovide loanstoagriculturalorindustrialsectors, so thatsectorcan increase quantitiesandquality oftheproducts. When the quantities and quality of the product are increase, it will impact to economy growth for country. Before bank loan money to borrowers, firstly they will find the borrower identity, then after that they will check it whether this candidates worthy to get the loan or not. One of the examples how bank can check the candidate is use Debt- to equity ratio. Bank will examine or screen debt-to-equity ratio of the borrowers.Debt-to-Equity ratio means the ability of the borrower to repay. To get debt-to-equity ratio it is measured from total liabilities divide d by share holders Equity. The higher debt-to-equity ratio of the borrowers it is mean the borrowers are aggressive in financial growth (Dileep Mehta and Hung-Gay Fung 2004). Banks functions are not only to lend money to a person, business or country. The Bank also serves to stabilize economic regions. Usually, other developed countries will also help developing country which sustain economies problems such as America provides funds to Indonesia (Bencivenga and Smith 1991).Such are the significance influences a Bank can offer to its country’s economics, provide stability, improve wealth, and create new opportunities (Blurtit. itd). Bank also gives a signal to other institutions such as insurance the credit worthiness of a borrower. So the insurance may consider wether they will give an insurance or not to that person. What will happen if there is no Central Bank in a country? In reality, a country may survive without a central bank. For the example is Republic of Panama. This country has survived without central bank ntervention for years. It can happen because Panama has a successful and stable macroeconomic environment (mises. org n. d. ). But after several years Panama was caught in accumulating malinvestment, it causes bad credit in the country. But there is no central bank to provide cheap credits. Though Panama’s law enforce a reduction in business costs which will eventually restore the recession to equilibrium, the recession lasts longer than it would has there been a Central Bank to provide a necessary monetary policy (mises. org n. d. ). Bank as a Financial InstitutionBank is the one example of Financial Institution. Role of Financial Institution is providing financial services for customer and help them to invest their money to the right organization to get a profit, and another important roles of Financial Institution (Bank) is to scrutiny financial transaction such as: reduce fraudulent when any financial transactions is make by peop le or organization (Fitch 1993). The examples of financial institution beside bank are brokers, insurance company, and deposit taking institutions (The Times 100 ;amp; Wilson and Wilson Publishing Ltd 2012).Financial institution also held an important role in the economic world. It attracts new investors to investon current products and services, and also creates a new financial product (i. e. , different risk and couple investment opportunities with other services) (Bodie, Kane and Marcus 2011). The other benefits of Financial Institution (Bank) may provide for the economic is to provide economic of scale to reduce risk and increase returns (Economies of Scale n. d. ).The way of economic of scare work is decrease the cost of production (raw material) and increase in production, example: Hence is producing 100 copies of magazine and it might cost $3000 but when they are producing 1000 copies of magazine it only cost $4000. Because the main cost is come from editing and design (Econo mist Newspaper Limited 2012). But business may not be able to produce so much because of financial barriers. From now banks have to contribute to loan money so they can produce more. In this case, both sides got some benefits, like for hence magazine business; they can produce their product more.On the other side the bank can earn interest on the money that they lend to (Mr George EkegeyEkeha). Efficiency and effectiveness in bank will impact to various sectors of economy or businesses. Bank can get their capital from the costumers who deposit their money. The money that got will give significant impacts to economy as that money are used for productivity in country. In this case, banks act as lenders of money to big business, so the company can more productive. It will give positive impact to the countrys economy (Money Lenders n. d) ConclusionIn conclusion, Bank is one of the example of Financial Institution and very important in economy. It can be seen that people need a bank to s ave their wealth. Even a country also need bank to control the economy and financial growth in the country. The Function of a bank in the country is to ensure the safety and soundness of banks, maintain the efficiency financial structure and financial system, maintain financial balance or stability and secure costumer from abuses. Without a bank economic and financial state will have chaos. Although, there is a country that can survive even though there are no central bank.But in the end they also encountered financial problems and economic growth in the country. May be out of sight of customers, the bank simply save and lend money. But when we look deeper into the role of a bank, they are helping in the development of the economy of a country. Differences of bank type will impact to the usage and function of a bank. References RudoChengeta. 2009. Inportance of bank in an Economy. slideshare. net/RChengeta/importance-of-banks-in-an-economy (Accessed August 18, 2012) Howard F. Pitki n. 2012. Bank and our Economy. ct. ov/dob/cwp/view. asp? a=2235amp;q=297884 (Accessed August 18, 2012) Franklin Allen and Elena Carletti. 2008. The roles of Banks in Financial System. http://fic. wharton. upenn. edu/fic/papers/08/0819. pdf(Accessed August 18, 2012) What are the Important roles played by Central Bank in Developing countries. preservearticles. com/201012291869/role-of-central-bank-in-developing-countries. html(Accessed August 19, 2012) David Saied. 2007. Panama has no Central Bank. http://mises. org/daily/2533(Accessed August 17, 2012) Kathryn Zipfel. What is the importance of the

Improving Reading Comprehension Through Story Reading Essay

Improving Reading Comprehension Through Story Reading - Essay Example A related goal is helping students to practice the complex cognitive and linguistic operations brought about by reflective student engagement in critical thinking. The activities are planned for a particular story unit are all related to the story and the process of understanding the literature better. The goal of stories is to stimulate one’s thinking and imagination. The activities were designed based on Luke and Freebody’s Four Resource Model (1992). The Code Breaker activities aim to unlock difficult words that may serve as barriers to the readers’ full comprehension of the story. It also serves to clarify certain concepts that would facilitate the understanding of the story. The Meaning Maker activities test the readers’ pick up of concepts and how they may relate it to previous experiences or to practical situations in real life. Note that the activities do not necessarily relate to the story, but that is precisely how the text contributes to the readers’ literacy – applying concepts from the story to real life. 1. Sequencing Events: Have a number of strips of paper ready. On each strip, write down a phrase or sentence depicting a specific event in the story. Present the event strip to the class in a random order. Let them reconstruct the story using the event strips. 2. Making the Setting Concrete: Each child must come up with a creative brochure about the setting of the story. Pictures and diagrams/ drawings may be used, and a creative, persuasive text must be written to tell something about the place. 3. Let the children do a mind map of the story. With the main characters in the middle of the map, create branches and sub-branches of events to complete the story. Make headings of the branches are written and represent the events with drawings. One glance at the mind map will allow the viewer to decipher what the story is about.

Contrast the Power of Chief Justice Roberts Jr. with that of an Essay

Contrast the Power of Chief Justice Roberts Jr. with that of an Associate Justice like Kennedy - Essay Example However, in terms of power and influence during oral arguments and Friday conference, all justices of the US Supreme Courts have equal voices and equal votes. Undeniably, during oral arguments and Friday conference, protocol states that the Chief Justice speaks first, casts his vote first and assigns the writer of the Court’s opinion if he is with the majority. All these privileges are in deference to his esteemed position. As a matter of fact, the US Supreme Court operates on a system of seniority. With the sole exception of the Chief Justice, the Associate Justices are called to speak and cast their voice on the basis of seniority, that is, the older justices go first. The system of seniority is used only for the purpose of finding order in their procedures and has no bearing on their influence in decision-making (US Courts). In terms of influence on the outcome of the case which is under oral argument or discussion during Friday conference, all Justices have the same and eq ual votes. The Chief Justice is just one vote out of the nine Justices that make up the US Supreme Court. There is not one Justice, not even the Chief Justice, who has more influence and more value to their votes than the others. 2. ... A Justice from the majority group is then assigned to write the opinion of the court. When it is finally promulgated, the majority opinion forms part of the jurisprudence and may be used as precedence for future cases. By their very nature, only the majority opinion affects the actual case law and policy impact that arise out of the promulgated decision. Justices from both the winning majority and the losing minority are all free to write their own opinions which shall also form part of the promulgated decision. Those who agree with the majority opinion write concurring opinions while those who disagree with the majority write dissenting opinions. Interestingly, dissenting opinion gives us a glimpse of the dynamics that occurred in the course of the deliberation of the case. Although the opinion has no weight on the decision and does not confer rights to the parties in the case, justices write them anyway to register their disagreement with the majority. In rare occasions, dissenting opinion becomes the majority opinion because the other Justices become convinced with the dissenter’s argument after reading the dissenting opinion (US Courts). 3. Compare the Superior courts with the US District Court in terms of their purpose(s). What difference(s) did you notice in your study? What do you make of this?   The federal court system has three levels of courts in its hierarchy and each level has a different stated purpose. The three federal courts are the US District Courts, the US Circuit Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court. The US District Courts are the trial courts which hear cases under its original jurisdiction. It has authority to hear both civil and criminal cases. Parties who are not

Compare shopping online with traditional shopping Essay - 1

Compare shopping online with traditional shopping - Essay Example Each of the items to be purchased are made physically visible to the buyers who are then able to make rational decisions based on their spending patterns. On the other hand, on-line shopping allows individuals to buy their favorite products without having to go the sellers to get the purchased items. Decisions are based on the images that can be seen on the internet which may not portray the actual nature of the products. This tends to limit the buyers as they are unable to accurately choose their actually taste and preferences. However, on-line shopping saves time since people do not have to visit the stores but can have the products delivered at the comfort of their homes (Belew & Elad, 2012) It has been established that online shopping provides a sense of ease and comfort as opposed to walking all through the streets and shops as they hunt for the things that they want. One is saved from the struggles such as going through crowds, waiting in long queues in order to make their purchases as in the case of traditional shopping (Wan, 2009). As a result, on-line shopping offers a sense of relief and peace of mind which many people are lacking in the current world. On-line shopping is marked by increased level of dishonest which is not a case in the traditional shopping trends. On-line shoppers experience a lot of disappointment during shipping and delivery of the goods ordered for. This is witnessed in the delay in the delivery of goods and services that have already been paid for. Fraudsters are likely to take advantage of on-line shoppers and steal from them. Many people have lost their money through on-line shopping by not carrying out all the safety measures that are rec ommended during on-line shopping. Traditional shopping is regarded to be very convenient for most people especially those who are rarely at home and lacks time to compare different prices of commodities. This is more appropriate for the people who work outside of their homes