Management Paper Outline

I. Introduction A. Indicate the case name and page number, and give a very brief summary of it. B. Forecast the main points you will be making in the paper. II. Environmental Factors and Ethical Considerations A. What are the primary issues in this case? Why are they significant? B. What are the contextualizing environmental factors in this case? Why are they noteworthy? C. What are the factors affecting ethical choices in this case? Which is most important? D. How can the criteria for ethical decision making be applied in this case? Which of the criteria is most relevant? Why? III.Planning A. What type of planning and goal setting are depicted in this case? What are the implications of those types of planning and goal setting? B. What type of decision making is evident in this case? What can be inferred from the approach or approaches to decision making used in this case? IV. Organizing C. What characteristics of organizing are exhibited in this case? What are the implications of th ose characteristics? D. How and to what extent are change and innovation undertaken in this case? What are the consequences of the change and innovation initiatives or lack of initiatives?E. How and to what extent is the strategic role of human resource management practiced in this case? What are the implications of those practices for maintaining an effective workforce and valuing diversity? V. Leading F. How is the importance of attitudes, personality traits, and emotional intelligence evidenced in this case? What is the significance of attitudes, personality traits, and emotional intelligence in this case? G. What is the nature of leadership exhibited or not exhibited in this case? What can be inferred from the nature of leadership exhibited in this case? H.How and to what extent is an understanding of motivation demonstrated in this case? What can be learned from this? I. What characteristics of communication are exhibited in this case? What are the implications of those charact eristics? J. How and to what extent is teamwork used in this case? What are the implications of the use or lack of use of teamwork in this case? VI. Controlling K. How and to what extent are TQM or other techniques of control exercised in this case? L. What can be learned about the nature and implications of control in this case? VII. Summary and Implications M.How and to what extent are the basic functions of management (planning, organizing, leading, and controlling) in or out of alignment in this case? What is the significance of the alignment or lack of alignment? N. How and to what extent are the basic functions of management (planning, organizing, leading, and controlling) in concert with the environmental conditions? What is the significance of this? O. How and to what extent are ethics and social responsibility exercised in this case? What are the implications of this? P. What, in the end, are your primary findings in this case? What are the implications of those findings?

Congress of the United States Essay

The chronology of events during the revolution era are: Black Loyalists, A century of Law making for a new constitution, The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources-1745-1799, Letters of Delegates to Congress- 1774-1789, The Rochambeau Map Collection, American Revolutionary War – (dead link). The date for the Declaration of Independence is July 4, 1776, and the US constitution is September 17, 1778. Authority granted to the following government branches; Congress- article 1 states that all legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. The President- article II states that the Executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice-President chosen for the same Term. Lastly is the section three of the judiciary that says; the judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behavior, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services a Compensation which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office. Framers’ rationale for a separation of powers in the US Constitution attempts to move beyond the general functional/formal debate by analyzing the views of the contemporary Court’s leading separation of powers functionalist, Justice White, and his effort to create a meaningful doctrine. Faction is the conflict within a nation. Madison in federal paper 10 addresses the question of how to guard against factions, groups of citizens with interests contrary to the rights of others or the interests of the whole community. Republic is an authority derived through the election by the people of public officials best fitted to represent them, while Democracy is a government of the masses whereby authority is derived through mass meeting or any other form of direct expression. When we compare and contrast the political view of young Madison with mature Madison, it depicts that when he was young, he distrusts political parties and democracy; while he believed that government should reflect the will of the majority, when he got mature. Dahl argues that an individual voter in a state with a smaller population has greater weight than a voter in the more populated state. The reason is that both African Americans and Hispanics are substantially underrepresented due to their greater presence in high-population states as compared to in low-population states. Dahl likes the proportional representation of national elections using a parliamentary system. The advantages are; Parliamentary systems are characterized by no clear-cut separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches, leading to a different set of checks and balances compared to those found in presidential systems, are usually have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state, with the head of government being the prime minister, and the head of state often being the president. The disadvantages of parliamentary systems are; In Presidential system, executive branch in separately elected, meaning that there’s no direct responsibility, numerous, fragmented party system, fusion of powers, dangerous for young democracies. First-past-the-post election system is a single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers or to elect members of a legislative assembly which is based on single-member constituencies. Having a right to vote has helped due to the expansion of various amendments like; universal suffrage which describe a situation in which the right to vote is not restricted by race, gender, belief or social status. Framers decide to use an electoral college for presidential selection because Electors are technically free to vote for anyone eligible to be President, but in practice pledge to vote for specific candidates and voters cast ballots for favored presidential candidates by voting for correspondingly pledged electors. The electoral college works by allocating each state a number of Electors equal to the number of its U. S. Senators (always 2) plus the number of its U. S. Representatives (which may change each decade according to the size of each State’s population as determined in the Census). A constitution can be amended by proposing an amendment and ratifying an amendment. The president can be removed from the office on impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other High crimes and misdemeanors. â€Å"The powers delegated by the proposed Constitution to the federal government are few and defined†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is what Madison said and it is still true up to date. Intent bill of rights was meant to protect the state from the federal interference. The most important on e is the English bill of rights. The tenth amendment states that â€Å"The States should be left to do whatever they can do as well as the federal government†. It reassures the states that they would remain largely in charge within their own borders. Majoritarianism is a traditional political philosophy or agenda which asserts that a majority (sometimes categorized by religion, language, or some other identifying factor) of the population is entitled to a certain degree of primacy in society, and has the right to make decisions that affect the society. The political theory of pluralism holds that political power in society does not lie with the electorate, or with small concentrated elite, but is distributed between a wide numbers of groups. Elite theory is a theory of the state which seeks to describe and explain the power relationships in modern society. It argues that a small minority, consisting of members of the economic elite and policy-planning networks, hold the most power no matter what happens in elections in a country. Yes, the judicial is independent of the other branches of the government and external forces. The reason for this is to prevent corruption. The first amendment is an absolute right. John Peter Zenger was a German-born American printer, publisher, editor and journalist in New York City Zenger’s trial was significant because he was fighting for the freedom of speech. Libel is the communication of a statement that makes a false claim, expressly stated or implied to be factual, that may give an individual, business, product, group, government or nation a negative image. Obscenity is a term that is most often used in a legal context to describe expressions (words, images, actions) that offend the prevalent sexual morality of the time. Business administration consists of the performance or management of business operations and thus the making or implementing of major decisions while public administration is the development, implementation and study of branches of government policy. Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals, rather than through legislative statutes or executive action. Case law is that body of reported judicial opinions in countries that have common law legal systems. It includes courts’ interpretations of statutes, and also constitutional provisions and administrative rules. Statutory law is written law set down by a legislature or other governing authority such as the executive branch of government in response to a perceived need to clarify the functioning of government, improve civil order, to codify existing law, or for an individual or company to obtain special treatment. The U. S. House of Representatives and then the U. S. Senate are the one who declares war. Yes, the Congress has the authority to veto state legislation. One of the intentions of the founders in designing a new constitution was to ensure that the federal government had sufficient power to run the country. The Supremacy Clause is the common name given to Article VI, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution, which reads: â€Å"This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding†. Public administration is boring because it’s full of bureaucracies. Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions. Politics is generally applied to behavior within civil governments, but politics has been observed in all human group interactions, including corporate, academic, and religious institutions. Politics consists of social relations involving authority or power, and refers to the regulation of a political unit and to the methods and tactics used to formulate and apply policy.

Haematology Exam Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Haematology Exam Questions - Coursework Example Anaemia is a medical condition in which the number of the red blood cells is low. This low number of the red blood cells is as a result on the reduction in the production of the red blood cells and an increase in loss of the red blood cells. Production of red blood cells takes place in the bone marrow and a body needs vitamin B12, iron and folic acid in order to produce more of the red cells. Deficiency on these three components causes anaemia develops.(c)  Explain the laboratory results you would expect in a case of iron deficiency anaemia for the following parameters and state reference ranges:i.  HaemoglobinThe concentration of haemoglobin   will be low meaning that there is a poor circulation of oxygen into the body since the iron containing compound (haemoglobin) in the red blood cells have reduced. The normal levels of   haemoglobin   in adults males is 130-170 g/L and in adult females is 120-150 g/L.ii.  Mean cell volume (MVC)MVC is an estimate in the volume of the red blood cells. In case of iron deficiency, the Mean Cell Volume will be a low. Normal mean cell volume in adults is 83-101fL.iii.  Red Cell CountThe red blood cell count is the estimation on the number of the red blood cell per litre of blood. In case of a deficiency in iron, there will be abnormally a low number of the red blood cell. The normal range in adult males is 4.5-5.5Ãâ€"1012/L and in females is 3.8-4.8Ãâ€"109/L.In case of iron deficiency, the Mean Cell Haemoglobin is either low or high. The normal range of MCH is 27-32 pg in adults. v. Reticulocyte Cou

The Primary Shaper of Gender Differences Research Paper

The Primary Shaper of Gender Differences - Research Paper Example Recent studies demonstrate, however, that nurture is a powerful force in affecting so-called â€Å"genetic† or â€Å"natural† gender differences (Sameroff 8). This paper asks: Are gender differences primarily caused by nature or nurture? This paper believes that gender differences, in terms of risk-taking, aggression, cognitive abilities, and language skills, are significant products of nurture, which refers to a host of diverse environmental factors. Risk-taking is commonly believed to be a masculine trait, but sources show that it is the environment, and not genetics, which plays a large role in shaping risk-taking attitudes and behaviors. In â€Å"Gender Differences in Risk Behaviour: Does Nurture Matter?† Booth and Nolen examined if choosing risky outcomes is truly an innate preference reserved for boys. They hypothesized that single-sex settings for girls can enhance their risk-taking behaviors than co-ed settings and these behaviors will not differ from boy s. They recruited 260 students with an average age of 15 years old. The sampling came from Essex and Suffolk counties in the United Kingdom. The researchers used five rounds of lottery to determine risk-taking behaviors. Findings showed that gender differences in risk-taking preferences are affected by the school environment. In particular, girls from single-sex schools take the same risks as boys from co-ed and gender-exclusive schools and more than co-ed girls. Gender mix also affects risk-taking behaviors, where girls in all-girls groups take higher risks than those in mixed-sex groups. Booth and Nolen concluded that nurture variables had a significant impact on risk-taking behavior, where all-girls settings remove traditional gender influences on risk taking. Morrongiello, Zdzieborski, and Normand seek to provide an explanation for differences in risk-taking behaviors between men and women in their study, â€Å"Understanding Gender Differences in Children's Risk Taking and Inju ry.† They compared the reactions of mothers and fathers to their children’s risk-taking actions. Around 52 mother–father pairs participated, where their reactions to their sons and daughters were recorded before and after injuries. Findings showed differences in kinds and reasons of reactions; for instance, mothers were angry at their sons, while for their daughters, they showed disappointment and shock. The researchers quote psychologists Kessler et al: â€Å"†¦What is hegemonic at any given time depends on how the relations among different kinds of masculinity and femininity have been worked out† (17). Morrongiello, Zdzieborski, and Normand conclude that parents have gender-based perceptions, which affect their discipline approaches to their children regarding their risk-taking behaviors. The way they discipline their children, in turn, affects the existence of gender differences in terms of risk-taking. Nurture affects the genetic risks for aggress ion among men, which proves that the environment strongly brings about gender differences in aggressive personalities between men and women. Boutwell, Franklin, Barnes, and Beaver studied if genetic influences interact with the effects of spanking on children’s behaviors. They analyzed statistics from twin siblings that were gathered from a nationwide-survey. Findings showed that spanking can provoke aggression among children, especially for boys, when genetic risks are present. Boutwell et al. believe that boys are more predisposed to violence,

Business Disaster Recovery Issues and Concepts Research Paper

Business Disaster Recovery Issues and Concepts - Research Paper Example There is the wide range of activities and procedures that come under the head of business disaster recovery like regaining access to communication, data of the business that may be in form of records, hardware, and software; and different other business processes that are lost during the disaster period passed by the business. Business disaster recovery is a plan that is part of a wide and larger process known as â€Å"Business Continuing Process (BCP) Business disaster recovery is a very important process for the businesses and it is very necessary that the organizations must have adequate plans and arrangements for the management for the disaster recovery process. In order to effectively and efficiently manage the business disaster recovery process, there is an essential need for Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP). This plan increases the possibility for the business that they can successfully recover their valuable records and other business operations (Hoffer, Jim, p45, 2001). ... the result of unexpected leaving of key personnel or incidental break up of the communication process with the clients, customers, dealers and other related people (Hoffer, Jim, p45, 2001). Importance of Business Disaster Recovery Management The Disaster Recovery Journal defines the term business disaster recovery as â€Å"the ability of an organization to respond to a disaster or an interruption in services by implementing a disaster recovery plan to stabilize and restore the organization’s critical functions†. Business disaster recovery is a term that is collectively used for all the strategies and activities that are performed by an organization after a disaster in order to regain its routine business patterns and functioning. He further explains that business disaster recovery must be managed through a plan so that there could be great opportunities for the business to restore its assets on yearly basis. Business disaster recovery is a business function that comes und er the umbrella of a wide process â€Å"business continuity planning†. Disaster recovery is linked with the business continuity because disaster recovery also includes the plans and strategies that are done with the intention to keep the business going with its regular ways Issues in Business Disaster Recovery The disasters occur at any unexpected time so an organization must make some arrangements that can prevent the company from facing the disaster situation. These preparations include the arrangements for the system recovery and data storage. Moreover, the safety measures must also be followed in the companies like fire preventions so that in case of fire they can have immediate contact with the fire extinguishers through more alarms and other means.  Ã‚  

International tourism management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International tourism management - Essay Example Thus, according to Tribe (2008), the goal of critical theory in tourism is critical emancipation where all stakeholders are given the opportunity to benefit from the tourism industry. Against this background, this essay will begin by explaining the meaning of culture then reflect on some of the cultural aspects that can be taken into consideration and the strategies to implement them by international tourism businesses that seek to establish themselves in emerging markets overseas. The Minster English Dictionary defines culture as, â€Å"intellectual, behavioural, and artistic ideas, beliefs of a particular group, time or place or it can refer to any particular stage of civilization.† Simply put, culture denotes the behaviour of an identifiable group of people living in a particular place. It shapes their way of doing things in their everyday life. The cultural and social environment affects the way people live and behave in several ways in that it shapes their behaviour and the way they conduct themselves in society (McCarthy & Perreault 1993 as cited in Bennet 1995). International tourism businesses which are concerned about the success of their business should also be concerned about the following cultural variables that characterise many emerging tourist destinations: language spoken, type of education the people have, religious beliefs, type of food as well as other social aspects such as marriage, families and roles of women among other things. As going to be explained in detail below, it can be noted that all these factors have a bearing on the way an organisation will operate and thrive in foreign land. Whilst it is important for the international tourism company to retain its business goal of generating income, it can thus be seen that the onus is theirs to recognise the culture of the local people in the area they will seek to establish business for their own benefit. It can also be noted that the emerging markets overseas have more to deal with social

The 1912 Presidential Election Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The 1912 Presidential Election - Essay Example All candidates were aware of the massive changes sweeping across the American society and made dedicated efforts to answer the reforms necessary to maintain the Progressive order. Progressivism also necessitated the strategy of each candidate towards fighting corruption, modernizing every element of state machinery and reforming the economy in every possible way. Progressivism and the 1912 Presidential Election Israel says that the fact that the 1912 US Presidential election brought forth a significant reform in the American political system is simple enough to highlight the crucial role played by the Progressive Party (78). The Progressive Party not only succeeded in rising to prominence against the two main parties (the Democrats and the Republicans) but also succeeded in wielding significant influence over the next four years on issues on national importance. This is evident since the progressive party gained over 30% of the vote and had a strong contender – Theodore Roosev elt – as its presidential candidate (Berkin 34). ...  The Progressive Party strongly favored support for labor unions and wanted to maintain a tight grip on business enterprises in an effort to regulate American industry. Milkis says that these reformist beliefs stem from the very life of Roosevelt, who spent his early years growing up in a working-class neighborhood in New York (63). One of the primary persons responsible for the departure of Roosevelt was the incumbent president – William Taft. Taft had previously served under Roosevelt’s administration as the ‘Secretary of War’ until 1908 when he was finally chosen as Roosevelt’s successor to be president. However, Taft’s policies grew increasingly conservative in nature and began to create a rift within the party leading to a split in 1912 (Morrisey 25). Unlike Roosevelt, Taft favored lesser regulatory oversight on businesses and more freedom in the hands of business leaders. Taf t reasoned that such freedom was essential for sustaining innovation and productivity in the American economy and that he favored refraining from any external control on American enterprises unless absolutely necessary (Eisenstark 52). Against the backdrop of these two warring parties, the Democrats fielded Woodrow Wilson as their presidential candidate. The in-fighting between the two factions of the Republican Party proved favorable for Wilson as he had to contend with a disorganized opposition. In fact, these trends helped the Democrats resolve their internal differences and helped them evolve into a significant political force.

Discuss the role of hydrocholoric acid in protecting the body from Essay

Discuss the role of hydrocholoric acid in protecting the body from disease.Explain signs and symptoms associated with low gastric acidity - Essay Example Moreover, chronic conditions such as asthma, allergies and gallstones have been implicated in the reduced acid secretion (Ahmed 34). Most common age related factors, that causes impaired digestion, is the decline in the hydrochloric acid production in the stomach. This thus shows that hydrochloric acid plays a crucial role in the gastrointestinal tract. Digestion of food substances starts when food enters the mouth and progresses as the food is passed to the stomach, small and large intestines. When food reaches the stomach, gastric secretions are released which consist of; HCL, pepsinogen and a mucus layer that acts as a protective layer. The amount of HCL increases as digestion of food progresses. The ph of the stomach is maintained by HCL at 1 and 2.Apart from the digestion, the HCL helps in protection of the body against diseases (Barney 78). HCL plays a vital role in the protection of the body from pathogens. It does so by maintaining a sterile environment in the stomach, this is through protection against pathogens that are ingested during food intake. Pathogens cannot achieve overgrowth in the small intestines due to the action of this acid hence the gastrointestinal tract remains free of pathogens. Research has also shown that a common pathogen in the stomach, E coli is inactivated in the stomach when acidity is high at 1.5to 4.Inactivation of this organism thus eliminates possible E coli infection (Forleo 125). Low acidity of the stomach leads to fast invasion of microorganisms from the colon and bacterial colonization and overgrowth of bacteria hence leading to infection. Thus, hydrochloric acid is vital in body defense. Researchers have also found out that reduced levels of hydrochloric acid leads to infection by H. pylori which is one of the most common pathogen that cause chronic bacterial infection. It also causes gastritis, gastric carcinoma, gastric ulcers and B-cell gastric carcinoma. This acid also

Source of Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Source of Finance - Essay Example However interest on overdrafts is usually greater than interest on other loans and banks even charge an overdraft facility fee. The company should therefore put all these in to consideration and make sure that the benefits to be achieved from the overdraft outweigh the costs associated with taking the overdraft. Also, overdrafts do not cover all financing requirements. The company should therefore assess whether its financing requirements are long-term or short-term. If short-term, then an overdraft can be a right source of funding but if long-term then an overdraft would be an inefficient way to raise funds since the overdraft would be required on demand by the bank. If that be the case the company might go into financial distress and subsequently bankruptcy. In addition, collateral security might be needed by the bank in the form of a tangible fixed asset or against personal guarantee provided by the directors. It this case, the company should consider the nature of its fixed assets and asses which assets it can put up as collateral. Another determining factor for the overdraft is the firm's cash flows, timing and receipts of payments, sales trends and other cash flows. By carefully analysing all these information the company would be able to arrive at a better conclusion as to whether to engage in the overdraft or not and if the answer is yes, the amount and when the overdraft is to be repaid. Before engaging in an overdraft, therefore, the company has to carefully study the costs of the overdrafts and benefits from the investment it wants to finance with the overdraft. Should the costs outweigh the benefits then it should not engage in the overdraft. However it should engage in the overdraft facility only if the benefits substantially exceed costs. (http://www.tutor2u.net/business/finance/finance_overdraft.htm). Existing shareholders The company can also raise the much needed 10000-euro through equity finance Finance raised from shareholders in the form of ordinary shares and reserves, as opposed to non-equity and to borrowing. (John and Nicolas, 2005) Handy Andy's corner shop can also raise its 10,000euro by making contact with a business angel.

Hero and saint conversion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hero and saint conversion - Essay Example Although Hercules/Heracles was a son of a god, he was born to a mortal woman, making him a mortal as well, not exempted from the difficulties every human being meets. And this would be the very essence that integrates the Roman and Greek heroes to the making of the modern hero or saint. Paul of Tarsus for instance, though he was not a layman but formerly a Roman officer, being a Roman citizen with Jewish decent and having the power to execute the law under his command did not enjoy all his lifetime as one could imagine a person in authority. Instead, after his encounter with Jesus through a vision on his way to Damascus to persecute the early Christians, he suffered similar persecutions that he did to the disciples when he was still a Roman soldier. He encountered not only trials and miracles in escaping death from his fellow human beings but also from natural calamities. An example of which would be his survival from a shipwreck along with his fellow prisoners and the soldiers guard ing them when they were sent to Italy. Due to the storm, they landed in Malta instead and this is where another miracle happened to Paul when he was bitten by a poisonous snake from the fire they made which he simply shook off from his hand.

Jet Blue Case Study Essay Example for Free

Jet Blue Case Study Essay This essay will examine in detail the human resource strategies, policies, and practices that were developed by Ann Rhoades who was the Executive Vice President of People at JetBlue Airways. Ms. Rhoades was very innovative with the development of the new HR policies, which up to that time had never been implemented by any other startup airline organization. Along with the strategies, policies, and practices, there were ï ¬ ve core values that were also established. These values provided an overarching vision for JetBlue Airways in order to direct all organization activities whether internal or external. The five core values were safety, caring, integrity, fun, and passion, which from JetBlue Airway’s management viewpoint was that if employees were happy then that would lead to greater successful recruitment and greater employee retention rates, which would potentially reduce or eliminate the likelihood of a union organization attempting to unionize the company. Three National Equal Employment Opportunity Laws JetBlue Airways hiring practices were compliant with the equal employment opportunity laws, which included the following: †¢ Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Title VII , which prohibits employment discrimination based on race , color , religion , sex , or national origin †¢ Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Title VI, which prohibits against exclusion from participation in, denial of benefits of, and discrimination under federally assisted programs on ground of race, color or national origin. †¢ Equal Pay Act of 1963, which protects men and women who perform to a large extent equal work in the same establishment from sex-based wage discrimination. (The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2009) The hiring practices that were established by Ms. Rhoades were based upon five values, which were safety, fun, caring, integrity, and passion. These values were the cornerstone of JetBlue Airways hiring philosophy. With that being said, JetBlue Airway’s new employment model from the time the organization was formed was to focus on selecting particular employees that would best fit into the company’s core values as opposed to focusing on the employee’s skills and experience. This innovative approach could create a work environment that would promote a higher level of satisfaction amongst the employee’s and staff, but would also create a working environment that would be more uniform, which would mean that all employees would have similar work characteristics and behaviors. However, this process of hiring requires a greater subjectivity. By Jetblue Airways own admission, they used â€Å"a targeted selection process to identify employees who were most likely to ï ¬ t.† In addition, JetBlue provided customized employment packages intended to â€Å"ensure overall equity in treatment† (The case study of JetBlue Airways Starting from Scratch, 2001). For example, when JetBlue Airways offered an employment package for ï ¬â€šight attendants, there was a preference toward college students. This preference in hiring college students was apparent because JetBlue Airways offered more in the way of ï ¬ nancial compensation and lower indirect beneï ¬ ts. In addition, JetBlue Airways also offered a variety of unique and innovative pay and compensation packages for their pilots, ramp workers, and ticket agents, which were tailored around the employee’s needs rather than the needs of the organization. JetBlue Airways Internal Recruitment Method The main focus of an internal recruitment process within an organization is to fill vacant positions that become open over time and or to promote an employee in lieu of seeking a candidate outside of the organization, which saves the organization from paying the training costs associated with the training of new employees. However, JetBlue Airways internal recruitment method was to recruit known veterans of the industry from competing airlines. For example, David Neelman CEO of JetBlue Airlines originally worked for Southwest Airlines as their executive vice president, so Mr. Neelman developed working relationships with many within Southwest Airlines and subsequently recruited those same people to JetBlue Airways as his management team such as Ann Rhoades. JetBlue Airways External Recruitment Method External recruitment by an organization can be through a variety of mediums such as advertisements, recruitment agencies, and personal recommendations. The advantage of external recruitment for an organization is that it can create a larger pool of applicants from which the organization can choose the best candidate from. JetBlue Airways followed the traditional route of advertising in a newspaper. The advertisement for reservation agents was placed in a Salt Lake City newspaper, which resulted in a waiting list of twenty five hundred applicants. The outcome of JetBlue Airways recruitment process both internal and external was very successful, which was attributed to Ann Rhoades experience in human resources. Furthermore, the strategies used by JetBlue to attract employees created a very robust and experienced management team and as aforementioned a waiting list of twenty five hundred applicants. Personnel Selection Many organizations utilize a standard interview selection process which consists of a pre-established interview questions in order to measure the applicant’s skills and qualifications. However, JetBlue Airways conducted an interview process for their mechanics and pilots that was very unique. The process of interviewing the pilots was based upon JetBlue Airways five values that were translated into specific undesirable and desirable behavioral situations. Interview questions were then posed in respect to the pilot’s past behavior and how that particular behavior correlated into his or her decision making process, which was very unique considering a pilot must make snap decisions every day within a very chaotic environment. Furthermore, multiple interviewers were used in the interview process; the reasoning for the multiple interviewers was that if a pilot were to be selected for hire then all interviewers must reach a consensus rather than an average. The interview process for the mechanics was very similar to that of the pilots, but slightly different in that the mechanics were interviewed with one of the five JetBlue Airway values as the focal point of the interview. The one value was integrity, which a logical approach considering the safety of passengers and the mechanical reliability of an airplane is dependent the mechanic to do what is ethical. Performance Appraisal System The concept of performance appraisals have been around for over sixty years and it is a method by which a supervisor evaluates the job performance of a subordinate in a formal structured environment. This review takes the form of a periodic interview either semi annual or annual basis in which the work performance of the subordinate is examined and discussed. Weaknesses and strengths in performance are identified and the supervisor outlines opportunities for the subordinate to improve in those identified areas. The three factors that influence a performance appraisal system include the following: †¢ The appraisal should be based on standard †¢ Employee should have input into development of the standard †¢ Appraiser should be someone who has observed employee’s work 360-Degree Feedback Evaluation 360 degree feedback is an employee development feedback mechanism that is derived from employees within the company. This includes managers, coworkers, and ancillary staff, which is considered to be internal within the organization. In contrast, external feedback is derived from the customers and suppliers. It also known as multi-rater feedback system because it is concluded from several groups within and outside the company. The main reason for using the 360 degree feedback is to ascertain how you are thought of. In addition, to make the results more objective rather than subject; there is a neutral party that is involved. Lastly, 360 degree feedback provides the best insight into employee performance than any other appraisal method. The three advantages of using the 360 degree feedback include the following: 1. As the procedure of carry out the 360-degree appraisal need to have a lot of people to do the evaluation for the staff, it may include the staff in the company, from the top (manager) to the bottom (colleagues), even some external sources such as the customers. If it is conducted well, this can give the employee a more comprehensive and accurate view for the evaluation and also it is good for the staff’s self-development. It is more comprehensive than other appraisal methods since they may only need the manager to do the evaluation. 2. It increases the credibility of the appraisal result. Since the 360-degree appraisal methods need a lot of people to finish it, as mentioned before it may include of the manager also other staff, it can reduce the unfair of the result. It is because it contain everyone’s point of view, not only the manager or any single staff, then they cannot give some comments that show the evaluated employee is very good or not, then help the staff easily get to promote to higher position or make the staff lose the job. It can show that this appraisal can help to increase the credibility of the appraisal result. 3. The feedback from the peers can help to enhance the staff’s self-development. Not every appraisal methods will also include the feedback from the peers, that may only judge by the manager, so it is not easily show the real performance of the staff since the manager may not observe the performance of the staff in every single minutes and they may only have a blurred impression of the staff. (â€Å"Team P The advantages and disadvantages of 360-degree appraisal in the hospitality industry†, 2007) JetBlue Airways utilized the 360-degree appraisal as a means to measure the needed training and development of its employees. In addition, 360-degree appraisal was also utilized as means of ensuring that employees were adhering to JetBlue Airways values. The dimensions that were rated in the appraisal process reflected the five values. Factors Determining Employee Compensation Employee compensation must be fair and equitable to the employee and must be tied directly to the employee job evaluation, but there are two important factors that can skew the rating, which in turn will reduce the compensation for the employee. The two factors are job subjectivity and rapidity with wich the job fundamentally changes, which can create an innaccurate and unreliable evaluation. The following are four factors that are essential in determining financial compensation for an employee: †¢ Skill/Know How †¢ Effort †¢ Responsibility †¢ Working Conditions Discretionary Employee Benefits Many organizations offer discretionary benefits to their employees. However, there are the smaller organizations that are unable to offer discretionary benefits because of the inability to afford them, so in lieu of benefits they offer a higher starting salary or may provide compensation in other ways such as more days off per year or bonuses. Furthermore, discretionary benefits are reduced for part time employees. The three most common discretionary benefits that an organization offers to their employees are health insurance, paid time off, and retirement plan. JetBlue Airways offered medical benefits, personal time off rather than the traditional holiday and 401 K, which was the retirement plan. These benefits were provided to their full and part time employees. Conclusion In Summary, JetBlue Airways is an organization that prides itself on taking care of their customers, but they also go to great lengths to ensure that their employees are also taken care of by offering them the highest pay in the industry and other tailored benefits, which translates into a happy employee. Would you like to work for JetBlue Airways? References: http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/qanda.html Gittel, J. H., O’Reilly, C (2001). JetBlue Airways Starting from Scratch. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing. Pp. 1-14 (78-91). http://project.shtm.polyu.edu.hk/wiki/index.php/Team_P_-_The_advantages_and_disadvantages_of_360-degree_appraisal_in_the_hospitality_industry

Climate Change and Trade Issues

Climate Change and Trade Issues TRADE AND CLIMATE CHANGE *Dr. Navdeep Kaur There has been an enormous expansion in world trade which has been made possible by technological advancements which have dramatically reduced the cost of transportation and communications, and by the adoption of more open trade and investment policies. The number of countries participating in international trade has increased :developing countries, for instance, now account for 34 per cent of merchandise trade – about double their share in early 1960s. Trade can increase GDP in a number of ways – for example by improving resource allocation through specialization according to comparative advantage or by allowing economies of scale in production to be exploited. Open economies also grow faster because trade fosters investment, innovation and institutional reform. However, development goes beyond higher GDP per capita. Other important indicators are Human Development Indices (HDIs) i.e life expectancy, infant mortality, nutrition, literacy, employment etc, Some of these factors are summarized in HDIs are positively correlated with GDP growth. But no clear picture emerges of the impact of growth on other dimension of development such as income inequality and environmental performance. Various environmental indicators ranging from greenhouse emissions to deforestation can be summarized by an Environmental Performance Index (EPI) which in turn can be compared to income growth .In the last decade, there has been a positive relationship between growth and environmental quality. This suggests that countries with rising income were able to pay more to preserve the environment. To the extent that trade and other policies can promote economic growth, they may indirectly help to improve natural environment. However, empirical evidence has to date produced mixed results on this question (World Trade Report, 2014). EPI is based on 22 indicators of environmental health and ecosystem viability including pollution, access to clean drinking water, sulphur dioxide emissions, carbon dioxide emissions, agriculture subsidies and critical habitat protection. Higher values of the index represent better environmental quality. Among the fast growing developing economies, some have improved their EPI performance while others have seen deterioration. There is a positive relationship between the EPI and per capita income. This suggests that countries with higher incomes are better able to pay for preserving their environment (World Trade Report, 2014). Environmental economies refer to the â€Å"Environmental Kuznets Curve† (EKC) to identify  correlation between per capita income and environmental degradation. The hypothesis is that  environmental quality degrades at the early stages of development while beyond a certain  income level, environmental quality improves (Grossman and Krueger, 1993). Pollution  increases as an economy industrialize and moves from agriculture to manufacturing (a pollution  intensive sector). Then, as the country GDP per capita increases, environmental quality improves  despite the increase in economic activity (scale effect). This is for several reasons- First, as an  economy develops the composition of production changes. Production tends to move away from natural resource intensive goods to services. Secondly, changes in consumption and growing  preference for environmentally friendly emerge at higher levels of income. Thirdly, as the  country’s level of development incre ases, the quality of institution improves, as does a country’s  capacity to enforce regulatory measures to address environmental problems. Finally a higher  GDP per capita also enhances the possibility to exploit economies of scale associated with  pollution abatement technologies (Technique Effect). Trade is an important factor affecting the relationship between growth and environment. First, opening up the trade increases the availability and lower the cost of environmental friendly technologies, secondly the greater demand by the public especially in more advanced economies – for cleaner environment also provides an incentive to adopt cleaner technologies. For example it has been argued that multinational enterprises, due to concerns about their reputation and economies of scale, may require more stringent environmental measures from their subsidiaries than that required by the host country (Abornoz et. al, 2009). Thirdly assuming no changes in scale of an economic activity and production method, trade opening may reduce domestic pollution in the country that specialize in clean sectors. Specialization in a pollution intensive sector, however worsens environmental quality if the country does not improve its environmentally friendly technologies. In the light of above observations, the objective of this paper is to study the impact of climate change on trade and various issues related to WTO and environment. This paper is divided into three sections. In Section I, the impact of climate change on trade and mitigation and adaptation measures are discussed. In Section II , WTO and environment measures are discussed, and in Section III, concluding remarks are made. Section-I The impact of climate change is specific to location and to the level of development, but most sectors of global economy are expected to be affected and these impact will have implications for trade .The three trade related areas which are considered vulnerable to climate change are(WTO-UNEP,2009): 1. Agriculture: It is considered to be the key sector in international trade, which is highly vulnerable to climate change. In low-latitude regions, where most developing countries are located, reductions of about 5 to 10 per cent in the yields of major cereal crops are projected even in the case of small temperature increases of around 1degree centigrade .Although it is expected that local temperature increases of between 1-3 degree centigrade would have beneficial impacts on agriculture outputs in mid –latitude regions, warming beyond this range will most likely result in increasingly negative impacts for these regions also. According to some studies, crop yields in some African countries could fall by up to 50 per cent by 2020,with net revenues from crops falling by as much as 90 per cent by 2100. Depending over the location, agriculture will also be prone to water scarcity due to loss of glacial meltwater and reduced rainfall or droughts. 2. Tourism: It is another industry that may be particularly vulnerable to climate change, for example, through changes in snow cover, coastal degradation and extreme weather. Both fisheries and forestry sectors also risk being adversely impacted by climate change. Likewise, there are expected to be major impact on coastal ecosystems, including of the disappearance of coral and the loss of marine biodiversity. 3. Trade infrastructure and shipping routes: The IPCC has identified port facilities, as well as buildings, roads, railways, airports and bridges, as being dangerously at risk of damage from rising sea levels and the increased occurrence of instances of extreme weather, such as flooding and hurricanes. Moreover, it is projected that changes in sea ice, particularly in the Arctic, will lead to the availability of new shipping routes. Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: There is a need for increased efforts focused on climate change mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation refers to policies and options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions or at enhancing the â€Å"sinks†(such as oceans or forests) which absorb carbon or carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Adaptation, on the hand, refers to responses to diminish the negative impacts of climate change or to exploit its potential benefits. Mitigation includes using energy more efficiently in transport, buildings and industry, switching to zero or low carbon energy technologies ,reducing deforestation and improving land and farming management practices ,improving waste management. The potential for adaptation depends on the â€Å"adaptive capacity† or the ability of people or ecological systems to respond successfully to climate variability and change. Adaptation measures are undertaken as part of larger sectoral and national initiatives related to, for example, infrastructure construction (dykes, sea walls, harbours, railways, etc.), building design and structure, and and research into development and deployment of drought-resistant crops.The cost of these technologies and of other activities may be considerable but the benefits of adaptation will outweigh the costs. Technological innovation ,as well as the transfer and widespread implementation of technologies, will be central to global efforts to address climate change mitigation and adaptation. International transfer of technologies may be broadly be understood as involving two aspects. One concerns the transfer of technologies which are physically embodied in tangible assets or capital goods, such as industrial plant and equipment, machinery, components, and devices. Another aspect of technology transfer relates to the intangible knowledge and information associated with the technology or technological system in question. Since it is predominately private companies that retain ownership of various technologies, it is relevant to identify ways within the private sector, such as foreign direct investment, licence or royalty agreements and different forms of cooperation arrangements, which can facilitate technology transfer. Moreover, bilateral and multilateral technical assistance programmes ca n play a key role in technology transfer. A continuing debate within political discussions and among academia has been whether the protection of intellectual property rights – such as copyrights, patents or trade secrets- impedes or facilitates the transfer of technologies to developing countries .One key rationale for protection of intellectual property rights, and in particular patents, is to encourage innovation: patent protection ensures that innovators can reap the benefits and recoup the costs of their RD investments. On the other hand, it has been argued that ,in some cases, stronger protection of intellectual property rights might act as an impediment to the acquisition of new technologies and innovations in developing countries. While strong patent laws provide the legal security for technology-related transactions to occur, firms in developing countries may not have the necessary financial means to purchase expensive patented technologies. The importance of intellectual property rights needs to be set in a r elevant context. In fact, many of the technologies which are relevant to addressing climate change, such as better energy management or building insulation, may not be protected by patents or other intellectual property rights. Section-II WTO Trade and Environment Negotiations In the Marraakesh Agreement establishing the WTO, members highlighted a clear link between sustainable development and trade opening – in order to ensure that market opening goes hand in hand with environmental and social objectives. In the Doha Round of negotiations, member nations went further to pursue a sustainable development path and launched first multilateral trade and environment negotiations. One issue addressed in Doha round was the relationship between the WTO and multilateral environment agreements (MEA), such as the UNFCCC. In this area of negotiations, WTO members have focused on opportunities for further strengthening cooperation between WTO and MEA secretariats, as well as promoting coherence and mutual supportiveness between the international trade and environment regimes.(WTO-UNEP,2009) In Doha round, the member nations focused on environmental goods and services for liberalization. The negotiations called for â€Å" the reduction, or as appropriate, elimination of tariff and non- barriers to environmental goods and services†. The objective was to improve access to more efficient, diverse and less expensive environmental goods on global market, including goods and services that contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Climate- friendly technologies can be employed to mitigate and adapt to climate change in diverse sectors. Many of these technologies involve products discussed in the Doha negotiations, such as wind and hydropower turbines, solar water heaters, photovoltaic cells, tanks for production of biogas, and landfill liners for methane collection. In this context, the WTO environmental goods and services negotiations have a role to play in improving access to climate friendly goods and technologies. There are two key rationales for reducing tariff and other trade distorting measures in climate-friendly goods and technologies. First, reducing or eliminating import tariffs and non-tariffs barriers in these types of products should reduce their price and therefore facilitate their deployment. The access to lower cost and more efficient technologies may be particularly important for industries that must comply with climate change mitigation policies. Second, liberalization of trade in climate -friendly goods could provide incentives and domestic expertise for producers to expand the production and export of these goods. Trade in climate-friendly goods has seen a considerable increase in the past few years, including exports from a number of developing countries. Section-III CONCLUSION In this paper attempt was made to highlight various issues relating to climate change and trade. Climate change has affected many trade related areas i.e. agriculture, tourism, trade infrastructure and shipping routes. To counter the adverse affects of climate change efforts are being made by the nations. Several Climate change mitigation and Adaptation measures are being taken. WTO has also focused on sustainable development and trade. It has called for the reduction and elimination of tariff and non tariff barriers to environmental goods and services and also to improve access to more efficient, diverse and less expensive environmental goods on global market, including goods and services that contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. References Grossman,G.M. and Kruegar,A.B (1993). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. in Garber,P.M(ed),The US-Mexico free trade agreement, Cambridge, MA:MIT press. World Bank.(2007).International trade and climate change – Economic, Legal, and Instituitional perspectives World Trade Organisation.(2009).Trade and climate change-WTO-UNEP Report. Albornoz, F.,Cole, M.A, Elliot, R.J.R and Ercolani, M.G.(2009). In search of environmental spillovers. The World Economy.32. UNCTAD.(2013). Trade and environment review. WTO (2014) World Trade Report . 1

Conflict Management in the Workplace: Causes and Effects

Conflict Management in the Workplace: Causes and Effects INTRODUCTION What is conflict? Conflict is a process that involves people disagreeing. It is usually a process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party. Conflict could be created due to different opinions of the interested parties, or due to the show of authority that some of the involved parties might have. It can be separated in substantive conflict and emotional conflict. Substantive conflict is a disagreement over ends or goals and the means for their accomplishment. Emotional conflict is usual coming out over feeling of anger, mistrust, fear, etc. In addition, conflict may be classified in three types: Intrapersonal conflict, interpersonal conflict and intergroup conflict. TYPES OF CONFLICT Intrapersonal Conflict Intrapersonal conflict arises within a person. It is a fight you have to give with your ego, in front of several solutions for a decision you have to take. For example, if you are a sales manager and you are in front of a deal that you have to make on time with a customer, you might have to decide, either to close it according to your companys usual policy, or based mostly on your customer needs. In this occasion you are facing an intrapersonal conflict. To be more specific, in case you proceed with the first choice you will be ok with your company, but you may disappoint your customer and this can cause problems either in your personal relationship with him, or in your sales volumes. If you follow the second option, then you might have problems with your company, but you will probably improve your relationship with your customer and as a result the sales volumes as well. But, of course, youre taking a big risk, in case the sales results will not come as you have planned. This exampl e could be a typical, usual, daily intrapersonal conflict of many employees in several organizational environments. Interpersonal Conflict Many companies suffer because of interpersonal conflicts, due to high competition (internal or external), different personalities of those who are decision makers in a company, authority showing, etc. Interpersonal conflict is arriving between colleagues, CEOs, boards of director, etc. and actually can be created in any level of a company. It is a usual reason which tends employees to resign. We have all faced during our working experience colleagues and managers fighting each other. Most of the times these fights or strong disagreements guide to problematic relationships between staff and finally in resign of those that dont want to go a step back. It is important to refer that according to one research, 31.9% of CEOs quitted from their jobs, because they had conflicts with the board of directors. (Whitehouse, K. 2008, January 14). CEOs of competing companies might also have public conflicts. For example, in 1997, Michael Dell was asked what he would do about Apple Computer. What would I do? Id shut it down and give the money back to shareholders. Ten years later, Steve Jobs, the CEO of Apple Inc., indicated he had clearly held a grudge as he shot back at Dell in an e-mail to his employees, stating, Team, it turned out Michael Dell wasnt perfect in predicting the future. Based on todays stock market close, Apple is worth more than Dell. (Haddad, C. 2001, April 18). Intergroup Conflict Intergroup conflict takes place among different groups. Types of groups may include different departments in a company, employees and management, or competing companies in a market. Departments may conflict over budget planning. For example marketing budget or equipment budget usually creates a big conflict between marketing or production management or the general management. Employees and management may disagree on work rules and procedures. Suppliers may conflict with each other on the quality of goods, or in the pricing policy theyre promoting in the market. For example, we will refer below a typical labor issue when a joint venture between two airline companies has taken place: Canadian Air and Air Canada pilots were facing long term personal and legal conflicts when the two airlines seniority lists were combined following the merger Seniority. This fact is a valuable and scarce resource for pilots, because it helps to determine who flies the newest and biggest planes, who receives the best flight routes, and who is paid the most. In response to the loss of seniority, former Canadian Air pilots picketed at shareholder meetings, threatened to call in sick, and had ongoing conflicts with pilots from Air Canada (Stoykewych, R. E. 2003, March 7). POTENTIAL CAUSES OF CONFLICT Organizational Structure Conflict can be created depending on the organizational Structure that a corporation follows. For example, if a company uses a matrix structure as its organizational form, it will have decisional conflict built in, because the structure specifies that each manager report to two bosses (Jaffe, D. 2000). For example, global company ABB Inc. is organized around a matrix structure based on the dimensions of country and industry. This structure can lead to confusion as the company is divided geographically into 1,200 different units and by industry into 50 different units. (Taylor, W. 1991, March-April). Employees Benefits differentiation Resources offered from corporations as extra benefits to their employees such as money, time, and equipment are often a problem. Competition among people or departments for different benefits is a frequent cause for conflict. For example, cars, mobile phones, credit cards, laptops are benefits that are offered not in all the employees, or not with the same value. For example salesmen might have different car according to their position in the company. This small issue can cause big conflicts. Differentiation in salaries of people in the same position level, but with different performance can as well create conflicts. Human beings are always jealous and feel unfair. Task Interdependence Task interdependence could be another cause of conflict. This issue is coming when your success or your achievement in your objectives is also depending on other people performance. For example, when you are a project engineer and you have to complete a building construction in timelines with the correct way and the planned resources, it might be a big success for you, but you have to be supported for example, from the electrician, the plumper, the builder, the supplier of the materials, etc. If you lose control, you will probably have big conflicts with all your above coordinators. Incompatible Goals Sometimes conflict arises when two parties think that their goals are exclusively in their responsibilities. Within an organization, incompatible goals often arise because of the different ways department managers are approaching them. For example, a sales manager who s bonus system depends on sales figures, believes that he has to offer higher credit periods in a big client, in order to earn bigger sales volumes. But the financial manager whose bonus terms, might depend on how fast the clients pay their amounts is disagreeing with this option. Then these two managers may conflict each other, because they focus on their personal interests and not on the companys common goal. Unless this issue is not resolved with the intervention of someone who has the authority to overlap those two, they might continue conflict without coming up to a solution. Personality Differences Personality differences among personnel are something common and usual. Many times youre arguing with your colleagues, because you see things and issues in different way based on your ethics and your growing environment. Matching of the personalities and team spirit is a difficult thing, through a corporation and needs a special care from the Human Resource management department. Communication Problems In many occasions conflict arises out of problematic communication system, such as unread-forgotten emails or dealing with people who dont give feedbacks in your inquiries, or they often forget to reply. Then conflicts are a typical result, usually from the involved parties who try to drop the fault each one in the other. Consequently, many working hours are lost in finding where the mistake in the communication history was. OUTCOMES OF CONFLICT Conflict can be dysfunctional if it affects negatively an organization, leads to low performance, or in the worst case, to workplace violence. To understand how to get to a positive effect of conflict, we first need to understand its causes, consequences, and tools to help manage it. If conflict is too low, then performance is low. If conflict is too high, then performance also tends to be low. (www.flatworlfknowledge). The positive thing is to keep conflicts in the middle of this thin line. Most of us might have the opinion that it is quite strange to try in leave conflicts existing in middle levels, but as we will see in the following paragraphs, we can definitely have positive outcomes. Positive outcomes include the following: Creation of bigger range in quality ideas Identifying and bring in the surface the dark inaccurate cases Clarification of individual views that build learning Improvement of participation and creativeness Motivate your employees in participate in useful discussions and improve their negotiations skills within healthy procedures Examples of negative outcomes Increased stress and anxiety among personnel, which guide in low performance and personal satisfaction Feelings as being defeated and humiliated, which affect negatively individuals morale A mistrust climate, which reduce working relationships, collaboration and teamwork. CONFLICT STAGES Latent Conflict. Latent conflict is visible conflict waiting to happen. Felt Conflict. Felt conflict is experienced as discomfort and tension. Perceived Conflict. Perceived conflict is the awareness that we are in a conflict situation. Manifest Conflict. After conflict is perceived and felt, it may or may not become open, or manifest. Conflict Aftermath. Conflict is likely to breed more conflict and, when it does, that conflict is likely to take on a life of its own. (Gholipour A. 2006). CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLES Everyone in his personal life has his own style in facing conflicts. In the following paragraphs you can see the most well known frequent and usual approaches in conflict management. Avoidance Avoidance is a conflict style, where the involved parties or groups are pretending that everything is fine, while inside of them they feel that there is a serious problem. Avoidance can also be an occasion where some of the parties are quitted from the conflict issue, not so much interested in find the solution, since it might considered from their side as a non personal obligation, or because they unlike the other parties opinion. In low levels and not so important issues, this style can be sometimes a good solution, but usually it finally guides in bad working environment and relationships. Accommodation The accommodating style of conflict management is more cooperative than the previous one. In this style, the one party offers or accepts, what the others believe that it is correct. This type of person is usually afraid to argue with their opponents because either they believe that they will destroy their relationships with them, or they feel that they will not come up to a solution. We can say that from one side theyre giving up their proposals. This style is a good way to manage conflicts, but you might lose proposals or ideas, which could be interesting from the person that always go a step back in front of the most dominant persons. Compromise The compromising style is always referred as the middle-level solution. In this style all the involved persons are giving a little of them in order to come up in the best solution. We can say that it is a kind of bargaining. It is a quite effective in overpass conflicts usually without negative outcomes. Competition People often show a competitive style to in order to achieve their goals or to perceive the other parties following their ideas. Competition may create bad relationships with others, if one is always trying to maximize his own outcomes at the expense of others well-being. This approach may be effective if one has strong moral objections to the alternatives or if the alternatives one is opposing, are unethical or harmful. (www.flatworldknowledge.com) Collaboration Collaboration is a conflict management style that is almost similar to effective negotiation or to win-win solutions. In this occasion both of the involved parties may conflict each other, but they always try to find the best solution, which can satisfy all of them and also serves the common goal. For example if an employee is performing well in his job obligation and he is asking to attend an MBA program in order to improve more his management skills, then he may ask from his company to pay the program for him. Then the manager can propose to him: Yes I will pay your MBA program, but you have to stay 2 years more in the company, after you will have finished it. Otherwise you will return back our paid amounts. It sounds like a fair solution for both of the sides. APPROACHES TO CONFLICT RESOLUTION Change the Composition of the Team If the conflict is between colleagues then a good solution could be, separating the personalities that are creating the biggest problems. In circumstances where conflict is attributed to the widely different styles, values, and preferences of a small number of members, replacing some of these members may resolve the problem. If thats not possible because everyones skills are needed on the team and substitutes arent available, consider a physical layout solution. Research has shown that when known antagonists are seated directly across from each other, the amount of conflict increases. However, when they are seated side by side, the conflict tends to decrease. (Howat, G., London, M. 1980) Create a Common Opposing Force Group conflict within a corporation can be reduced by turn their attention on a common enemy such as the competition. For example, two product managers might argue in which of their two products are going to spend more marketing expenses, each trying to get more resources in order to promote more his product to the market. Then instead of fighting each other, it would be better someone to turn them in focusing on a competitive product and get them responsible how to develop their products together, much more than the competition to the market. Consider Majority Rule Group conflict can be dramatically reduced by using the traditional majority rule process. In this case every one of the involved parties is proposing an idea and then all together vote in order to choose the one with the higher votes. Majority rule could be a creative process, but it has to be followed always with creative discussions and not operating as an easy solution for decreasing conflicts, through groups or persons. Sometimes it has negative outcomes, when most of the times the same persons ideas frequently pass. Then the other members of the procedure might feel that something unfair is going on, as for example the cliques creation between persons that voting all the time their personal ideas. Problem Solve Problem solving is a common approach to resolving conflict. In problem-solving mode, the individuals or groups in conflict are asked to focus on the problem, not on each other, and to uncover the root cause of the problem. This approach recognizes the rarity of one side being completely right and the other being completely wrong. (www.flatworldknowledge.com). CONCLUSION Summarizing all the above described in this assignment, we can easily realize that conflict management is a very important issue in workplace. We cannot evaluate how it could be solved, or which is the best way to manage or approach to its resolution. It would be definitely positive for companies to set up conflict policies, so they can control better such problems. But the assured thing is that, even policies would be set up, every manager, every employee has to be careful and try to take advantage of the positive effects that conflict can give. Thus, in order to achieve this, everyone has to do it with his own style, since he has to adapt his behavior depending on the working environment he is occupied. If we think again that conflict guides in violence in workplace, but can guide also to creative solutions, integrative negotiations, passion for participating in problems solving, we have to individually think and drive ourselves at the positive part of conflict results. REFERENCES Wall, J. A., Callister, R. R. (1995). Conflict and its management. Journal of Management, 21, 515-558. Michaels, D., Power, S., Gauthier-Villars, D. (2006, October 10). Airbus CEOs resignation reflects companys deep structural woes. Wall Street Journal, pp. A1-A10. Whitehouse, K. (2008, January 14). Why CEOs need to be honest with their boards. Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition, pp. R1-R3. Haddad, C. (2001, April 18). Why Jobs and Dell are always sparring. Business Week Online. Retrieved May 1, 2008, from http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/apr2001/nf20010418_461.htm; Markoff, J. (2006, January 16). Michael Dell should eat his words, Apple chief suggests. New York Times. Retrieved January 19, 2007, from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/16/technology/16apple.html. Stoykewych, R. E. (2003, March 7). A note on the seniority resolutions arising out of the merger of Air Canada and Canadian Airlines. Paper presented at the American Bar Association Midwinter Meeting, Laguna Beach, CA. Baron, R. A. (1989). Personality and organizational conflict: Type A behavior pattern and self-monitoring. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 44, 281-297. Bergman, T. J., Volkema, R. J. (1989). Understanding and managing interpersonal conflict at work: Its issues, interactive processes and consequences. In D. M. Kolb J. M. Kolb (Eds.), Hidden conflict in organizations (pp. 7-19). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Howat, G., London, M. (1980). Attributions of conflict management strategies in supervisor-subordinate dyads. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 172-175. www.flatworldknowledge.com

A Psychoanalytic Reading of Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry

A Psychoanalytic Reading of Huckleberry Finn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Psychoanalytic conditions, stages and symptoms pervade the seemingly simplistic narration of a child-narrator, Huck Finn. Such Freudian psychoanalytic ideas as "Thanatos," "repressed desires" and how they seek their way back through dream work, through "parapraxis," can all find examples in this fiction. Besides, Lacanian concept of the unconscious as the "nucleus of our being," as "an orderly network," as well as his famous theory the "mirror stage" can be applied to this novel as a whole as well. Lacan states that the unconscious, the "kernel of our being," is "an orderly network," like the structure of a language (Barry 111-113); this statement can be found true in "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." In this particular picaresque of Huck*s adventures, episodes are ostensibly unrelated to each other just as most picaresque novels are. Huck Finn, however, in the unconscious of the text, follows a family pattern in which families come eventually to destruction. First take Huck*s six major lies for example. When Huck is in disguise, seeking information from Mrs. Loftus, he pretends to be a girl, Sarah Williams, whose mother is ill, and thus is on her way to get her uncle to come to help. Later, when his lie is discovered, he again invents a family in which both of his parents are dead and he is now a renegade apprentice. Next, in order to save the gang on the Walter Scott from drowning, Huck makes up a whole family including pap, mam, sis, and Uncle Hornbeck. Again, another fa mily with pap, mam, and Mary Ann is invented in order to save Jim from slavery. And when with Grangerfords, Huck identifies himself with George Jackson and tells of the decline of a relatively ... ...erefore explicates his final decision, justifies the ending of the novel. Works Cited Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory: an Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1995. Baym, Nina, et al., ed. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 4th ed. New York: Norton, 1994. Bradley, Sculley et al., ed. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: an Annotated Text, Backgrounds and Sources, Essays in Criticism. New York : Norton, 1962. Eliot, T. S. "Mark Twain*s Masterpiece." Huck Finn among the Critics: a Centennial Selection. Ed. M. Thomas Inge. Frederick, Md. : University Publications of America, 1985. Green, Keith, and Jill LeBihan. Critical Theory and Practice: a Coursebook. London: Routledge, 1996. Solomon, Eric. "The Search for Security." Bradley 436-443. Stone, Jr. Albert E. "Huckleberry Finn and the Modes of Escape." Bradley 444- 448.

Addition Of Vectors Essay -- essays research papers

I. Introduction A vector is an arrow whose length represents the magnitude of a quantity and whose direction represents the direction of the quantity. Vectors are useful in combining velocities that are not parallel. The sum of two or more component vectors is called a resultant. When the vectors are not at right angles to each other, the resultant is found by constructing a parallelogram. The parallelogram is constructed with the two vectors as sides. The resultant of the parallelogram is its diagonal. Equilibrant vector on the other hand, is a single vector that would balance the original vectors taken together. An experiment was conducted to determine the difference between using graphical, analytical and experimental method in getting the resultant. A force table, weight holders, a set of slotted masses (200g and 249g), ruler, protractor, spring scale and triple beam balance were used. Each group has its own assigned mass and forces as well as a force table. Weight hangers were attached to two strings tied to the center ring of the force table, where two slotted masses, one 200g and the other 249g were hung according to their specified directions. The center ring was anchored to the nail positioned at the platform’s center while the upper ring of the spring scale was attached to the free end of the third ring. After attaching the spring balance, its hook was pulled and the reading on the scale and the direction of the pull at which the two forces (hanging mass) are â€Å"balanced.† â€Å"Balance† was determined. II. Results and Discussion Table 1. Time, distance, velocity and acceleration measurements for a marble. Distance (cm)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time (s)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean Time (s)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Average Velocity (cm/s)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.90  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.67  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.71  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.76  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13.16 30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.52  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.37  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.37  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.40  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  21.48 40  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.86  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.58  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.58  ... ...bsp;2.77  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.46  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.61  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  34.44   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The velocity computed by using tangent lines was found to be higher than the average velocity. The results were also found to have irregular values. It is noticed that after covering the distance of 40 cm, the velocity went down. The velocity between the distance of 40 cm and 70 cm were found to be equal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the other hand, the computed values of the acceleration were also irregular. Acceleration at the distance of 10 cm and 40 cm were found to be equal. Acceleration would not change even if the group used a larger marble. It would make almost no difference in the values acquired.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Errors may have been one of the causes of irregularities seen between velocity and acceleration. Maybe one of the problems that we encountered was the irregularity of the time. Because of this, the other computations were affected. III  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Computations A. VELOCITY V = df – di tf - ti V1 = 15 – 5 = 10 = 20 1 – 0.5 0.5 Addition Of Vectors Essay -- essays research papers I. Introduction A vector is an arrow whose length represents the magnitude of a quantity and whose direction represents the direction of the quantity. Vectors are useful in combining velocities that are not parallel. The sum of two or more component vectors is called a resultant. When the vectors are not at right angles to each other, the resultant is found by constructing a parallelogram. The parallelogram is constructed with the two vectors as sides. The resultant of the parallelogram is its diagonal. Equilibrant vector on the other hand, is a single vector that would balance the original vectors taken together. An experiment was conducted to determine the difference between using graphical, analytical and experimental method in getting the resultant. A force table, weight holders, a set of slotted masses (200g and 249g), ruler, protractor, spring scale and triple beam balance were used. Each group has its own assigned mass and forces as well as a force table. Weight hangers were attached to two strings tied to the center ring of the force table, where two slotted masses, one 200g and the other 249g were hung according to their specified directions. The center ring was anchored to the nail positioned at the platform’s center while the upper ring of the spring scale was attached to the free end of the third ring. After attaching the spring balance, its hook was pulled and the reading on the scale and the direction of the pull at which the two forces (hanging mass) are â€Å"balanced.† â€Å"Balance† was determined. II. Results and Discussion Table 1. Time, distance, velocity and acceleration measurements for a marble. Distance (cm)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time (s)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean Time (s)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Average Velocity (cm/s)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.90  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.67  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.71  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.76  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13.16 30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.52  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.37  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.37  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.40  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  21.48 40  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.86  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.58  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.58  ... ...bsp;2.77  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.46  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.61  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  34.44   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The velocity computed by using tangent lines was found to be higher than the average velocity. The results were also found to have irregular values. It is noticed that after covering the distance of 40 cm, the velocity went down. The velocity between the distance of 40 cm and 70 cm were found to be equal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the other hand, the computed values of the acceleration were also irregular. Acceleration at the distance of 10 cm and 40 cm were found to be equal. Acceleration would not change even if the group used a larger marble. It would make almost no difference in the values acquired.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Errors may have been one of the causes of irregularities seen between velocity and acceleration. Maybe one of the problems that we encountered was the irregularity of the time. Because of this, the other computations were affected. III  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Computations A. VELOCITY V = df – di tf - ti V1 = 15 – 5 = 10 = 20 1 – 0.5 0.5

Diet Pills Essay -- Diet Health Weight Loss Drugs Essays Papers

Every day people are becoming more and more concerned with their health and their appearance. Thanks to scientific research there are many remedies to improve the human body. As far as weight loss there is exercise, diets, pills, and different surgical procedures. Diet pills have become a very popular supplement to assist in weight loss, but with diet pills come many questions; are they safe, do they really work, and mainly if they are a good product or not. In order to know whether or not something a quality product, is to know how it works. The ingredients are very important and unfortunately not every diet pill has the same ingredients. There are multiple types of pills, with different effects, and conditions. There are three popular types of pills. There are appetite suppressors, metabolism regulators, and fat absorbing pills. Combining these effects into one pill with the correct usage creates positive results. The appetite suppressors help reduce over eating and help people make healthier choices of what to eat. Normally when someone is really hungry they do not care what they eat as long as it is a lot. By controlling a person’s hunger, diet pills effect a person’s eating habits. So they help people make better choices on what to eat and how much. The way that diet pills help control hunger is by fooling the brain into thinking it is full. The brain needs a lot of energy to function and the brain gets that energy from sugar. When the blood sugar level is too low the body reacts by sending a signal to raise the blood sugar level by creating hunger. Some diet pills use a combination of amino acids and polysaccharides to supply the brain with unique intermediate metabolites, which are chemical compounds t... ...e to a gain of tolerance in the pills. I have just begun using diet pills myself a couple weeks ago. The supplement that I chose is an appetite suppressant as well as a metabolism booster. It has been my experience so far that the appetite suppressant is very effective. I am hardly hungry and find myself reminding myself to eat or just eating out of habit. Which is really surprising because usually I can’t get enough of food. I have also been exercising about three to four times a week and eating healthier. I have noticed that I have already begun to lose a little bit of weight. The only side effect that has come to my attention is that shortly after taking the pills I find myself burping a little. I not quite sure what causes that effect. So if used properly, diet pills is a good product to get results. Just make sure the effects are well known and safe.

Final Week 9 Cultural Diversity

FINAL Cultural Diversity Week 9 Final Currently I live in a community of approximately 21,785 people according to the 2010 US Census. Herriman, which is about 20 miles southwest of Salt Lake City has grown by leaps and bounds over the last twelve years. Herriman was founded as a farming community in 1849 and was incorporated in 1999. Herriman still feels like a small town, an idea which is held onto by its community leaders and population. I noticed while in researching the varying statistics for my city that I look like about 90% of the population.At 38, I am a little bit older than the average age of 27, but I am Caucasian, as are the majority of the residents. I noted with interest, during our last mayoral race, the current mayor spent the time to go out and knock on doors introducing himself to everyone. He made a significant impact on me as he stood and visited with my family and seemed to have the same values and ideals that I do. I cannot say that I have noticed a large differ ence in how minorities are treated by members of my community.In fact, in my local neighborhood we have a few families of varying ethnicities which have been welcomed and encouraged to teach about their homelands. It has been fascinating to watch and learn about the cultures from which they came and even to try some of the more traditional foods. The text and manuals that we have covered throughout class have covered the varying people that I am like. Caucasians have been notable throughout history and their information is fairly well published.I also noted that coming from an Irish background through several lines, the Irish were well represented. I did note a lack of other European descendants being listed through the text; I have a very strong relation to the Danish culture and did not find any information in regards to that culture in our texts at all. The local media looks much like the state, which is to say white, with a few people of color thrown in. It shouldn’t be m ade light of; it just feels that after everything has been so serious in discussion that lightening up the conversation cannot hurt.I have noticed as I have gotten older that we have gained a larger population of various minorities and they have begun to change the way that we see things as well as the way that we are being represented. I feel that this is a great step forward. I have noticed the biggest difference between me and most of the people in local leadership is that they are male while I am female. There is a definite lack of female leadership in our government here. Within the last ten years female leadership has increased, yet still has not changed dramatically.I have noticed that more women are running for various offices throughout the state and feel confident that this will change the local governments as well. As our minority population has grown, there have also been changes in the state government in regards to representation becoming more diverse. I feel this help s represent their interests in the community, and again feel that as people move and spread out in the local communities this will affect the local governments as well.While I do not feel that I can do a lot to change various inequities, I feel that by volunteering my time to the youth in my area I will help set them up into be more able to make changes in the future. It appears that in speaking with friends they note the same various situations that I have mentioned. Yet, because I live in a neighborhood where the majority of people are married and the wives are homemakers, I do bring a different perspective into conversations.Speaking with a local neighbor and friend, who was a former elementary school teacher, she noted that she feels that our culture is fairly self-contained due to our religious affiliations and yet she is one of the most outgoing individuals that I have met. She indicated that there is a trend to assume that people are just like you and not take the time to get to know anyone else. I have noted her on long walks through the neighborhood stopping to talk to anyone that happened to be outside and visit.Something that we both agreed on was the way that the community is very friendly and welcoming to people. It really starts with the neighborhood and then extends out into our city. A prime example of this was the â€Å"UP† house that a local builder wanted to build. He wanted to build a home that was a replica of the home in Disney’s â€Å"UP†. After contacting Disney and going through varying channels, Disney agreed to the home as long as they were allowed certain stipulations, he went looking for a community to build the home.He had contacted several cities, and Herriman agreed to allow him to build the home. The neighborhood had a HOA which agreed, despite it being colors not normally permitted, and a style different from the area, they would permit him to build and allow it into the HOA coding. However, the builderâ⠂¬â„¢s stipulation was that, when sold, the new homeowners had to agree to keep the colors. The home was built and each and every detail was matched to the specifications of the Disney standard, they went so far as to design the interior with the same furniture, which had to be created to replicate it.Herriman and the community welcomed this builder in during the annual â€Å"Parade of Homes† in order to make them feel more comfortable. Finally, the home was sold to a couple that wanted to move back to Utah after several years in California and the home remains the pastel coloring of the Disney design. Herriman leaders felt that having the home built in Herriman was an economic boost they were unable to turn down, and afterwards gave an honor to Bangerter Homes in recognition of such. This type of innovative government thinking is definitely in line with how any community I live in should function.I want my community leaders to always be looking at the next best source to bri ng economic development closer to home. Not only does this benefit the city, but it benefits me because the city has more to offer. Growing up, I lived in a more diverse area of the Salt Lake Valley and was exposed to varying cultures and ethnicities which helped me gain a firm understanding of treating people with respect, and with dealing with varying races. However, the governments there were more old fashioned and less adaptable to today’s changing environment’s.I feel as if this community was actually less welcoming than the one that I am currently in because of this. The prior community may have had a more diverse community, but welcoming new and local businesses was not something that the government chose to promote. Living in Herriman, I have noticed that many of the government officials as well as other leaders are active in getting out and being a part of the community and ensuring that we are aware as citizens of anything that might affect us; from the openi ng of a new restaurant, to a fire that is burning out of control.Herriman city officials have a local Facebook account and Twitter feeds that are used to help notify their citizens on a regular basis of varying volunteer activities, emergencies, CPR training classes and more. It is another way that the community in which I live is actively trying to encourage its citizens to be part of it; this reflects my views on how a community should interact. I believe that in being part of a community, you want to be involved; you want to support local business and taking advantage of times that you can volunteer to help. For instance, going out to reseed a mountain after a grass fire helps build community relations.I enjoy living where I do and feel that I have found a mostly perfect fit for my family. People take care of their yards, their homes, they are active and want to do things to improve not only themselves, but the community in which we live. All of these are ideals that coincide wit h how I feel a community should be. References: http://www. city-data. com/city/Herriman-Utah. html#top www. herrimancity. org http://www. sltrib. com/sltrib/news/53012557-78/hamblin-lynette-disney-herriman. html. csp http://www. facebook. com/HerrimanCity http://twitter. com/BeReadyHerriman

City Center

City Center, Las Vegas is made up of multiple skyscrapers with contemporary designs. The inside is just as lavish as the outside, where world famous artists have put in there own tweeks and installations to make City Center one of a kind. Combined City Center has 2,400 condominium and condo hotel units and approximately 4,800 hotel rooms. They are all distributed within several high rise and mid rise towers around the â€Å"CRYSTALS† retail and entertainment district. The multi use project is designed with green technologies to make it one of the world's largest environmentally sustainable urban communities. Private investors had to dish out 11 Billion dollars for the funding to build this extravagant addition to Las Vegas. City Center’s opening will boost Las Vegas economy when the country gets back on its feet after the economic collapse. Right now at least 50% of the 12,000 employees are only working part-time which means when business picks up more people will be getting paid and that puts money straight into Las Vegas businesses. I did the research about what materials were used to build this massive project and this is what I found: FACILITY †¢ 7,000 guest rooms across 5 separate buildings City Center resort & casino will tower 60 stories †¢ 165,000 sq ft casino †¢ 70,000 sq ft spa †¢ 2,000 sq ft theatre PROJECT SCOPE Hollow Metal Doors, Hollow Metal Frames, Architectural Wood Doors, Architectural Hardware, Rolling Steel Doors, Architectural Mouldings and Trim. Project Owner: MGM Mirage General Contractor: Perini Construction Architect: HKS Architects, In c. Project Amount: $9. 8 Billion Completion Date: December 2009 60% of the remains of the former hotel that occupied the lot, The Boardwalk hotel, were used for the construction of the project.

Discuss the issue Ethical Business and How it relates to csr Essay

Discuss the issue Ethical Business and how it relates to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). With reference to sources, provide examples of companies or organisations which demonstrate ethical behaviour and evaluate their motivation. The ideas of Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility are oftentimes discussed in a similar manner even though they both have distinctly different definitions. As the name suggests, the term ethical business or business ethics is associated with a mixture of both ‘ethics’ and ‘business’. According to Oxford English Dictionary (2010) a business is the buying and selling of products or services with an aim of profit making. Ethics, on the other hand is more complex in that it involves human judgment, between what is right and wrong, in regards to activities and their consequences towards the society (Velasquez, et al. , 2010). Chryssides and Kaler (1993) have drawn attention to the fact that in the same way that political ethics is related to honouring the right and wrong in governmental concerns, or medical ethics being identified with the morality in medical practice, business ethics can simply be defined as the issue of morality within the business industry whereby â€Å"morality is taken to mean moral judgments, standards and rules of conduct† (Ferrell and Fraedrich, 1997, p. 5). Therefore, ethical business can now be defined as the ethics or principles that act as one’s behavioral rules and regulations when dealing in the world of business (Ferrell, et al. , 2010). On the other hand, reference to The World Business Council for Sustainable Development explains CSR by putting across that a business has responsibilities and obligations that go beyond the workplace (WBCSD, 2001). This essentially signifies the voluntary duty that organisations participate in to fulfill the demands of a broader range of stakeholders (Jamali and Mirshak, 2006). Based on the definitions stated above, it would seem that CSR and business ethics share similar theories, considering the fact that both of their notions go further than profit-based decisions and into values along with concerns for the society as a whole (Mullerat, 2010). Having said that, it is certainly interesting to see that most people are inclined to link CSR with the positive operations of a firm yet when a business engages in a non-moral act, they set the stunt side by side with business ethics or rather, the lack of (Crane and Matten, 2010). The question of how business ethics relates to CSR can now be evaluated more closely. Some examples of issues in ethical business as well as CSR include harming the environment and sweatshop labour on top of fraud, health and safety and campaigning (IBE/Ipsos MORI 2009, cited in Irwin, 2010). This essay will comprehensively explore the motivations of firms that have demonstrated brilliant presentations of business ethics, such as Microsoft Inc. as well as examining the motives behind their ethical decisions. Additionally, it will also look at other corporations that have been linked with having high regards to ethics in business yet have been accused in making poor business choices in the recent years, for instance H&M’s disposal of unsold clothing items in New York in 2010 (Daily Mail Reporter, 2010). Until recent years, Hennes&Mauritz, more commonly known as H&M has been highly admired for launching the use of organic cotton into the high street clothing (Vijayaraghavan, 2010). Green Retail Decisions (2011) reports that it even succeeded in surpassing their organic cotton goal usage in 2010 by tripling their original aim, manufacturing 15,000 tonnes of organic cotton. Furthermore, the company was also proud in producing high street attires out of 16,000 tonnes of fabric that have been recycled (Green Retail Decisions, 2011). Be that as it may, when the firm threw away unsold clothes outside of one of its retail outlets, many were not only left appalled but also questioning their business ethics (Daily Mail Reporter, 2010). In the same year, H&M were involved in two more shocking headlines in the news, one of which includes the contamination of the organic cotton textile with GM, and the other being a suspicion of unsustainably made clothes (Vijayaraghavan, 2010). As previously stated, H&M is widely respected for working with organic materials on their products. However, when genetically modified cotton was found in random product test conducted in a research lab, they were left with nothing to be applauded for. Hence, it is clear that this particular case study provides contradicting information on H&M’s aims and motivations towards ethical decision-makings within their business. Even though they have been acceptable in their business ethics, for many of their stakeholders, the four issues specified above may heavily indicate otherwise. Another good example of a company with a similar situation is Coca Cola alongside its recent endeavours with ethical crises. Ferrel et al. (2011), in their book write that the company has been facing various allegations regarding their ethical misdemeanours since the 1990s, some of which include racial prejudice, pollution and consumption of natural resources. The claim against one of the world’s most acknowledged beverage companies, Coca Cola, otherwise known as Coke, for the practice of racial discrimination within their working environment was taken to court in April 1999 (Winter, 2000). In his article, Winter (2000) reports that Coke practiced a method of pay scale that is based upon a hierarchy whereby employees of African American background were situated at the bottom, earning $26,000 on average less than white workers in a year. Although the company denied all charges at the time, the public was clearly upset, resulting in a decline of their shares at the end of the 90’s (Fairfield, 2007). As a consequence of this, Coca Cola lost one of their main investors and biggest shareholder of 17 years, Warren Buffet in 2006 (Teather, 2006). Having their reputation jeopardised, Coca Cola announced the establishment of a new department to their company, the diversity group (The New York Times, 1999). Since the formation of this group, Coca Cola has been voted 46th on the DiversityInc’s top 50 list of businesses with the best practices along with coming 6th in The DiversityInc Top 10 Companies for Blacks and Latinos (DiversityInc, 2012). In addition to this, Black Enterprise magazine has also awarded the organisation with numerous awards honouring their commitment to establish a working environment that is accepting of different cultures along with featuring the company in the Black Enterprise magazine’s yearly 40 Best Companies for Diversity list (Staff, 2012). DiversityInc (2012) also reports that Coca Cola donates forty percent of their humanitarian effort to culturally diverse non-profit organisations, such as their recent contribution to the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation. With that in mind, their ethics in business can be considered as acceptable to the public eye and it is almost unthinkable to think that they were accused of race-related discrimination just over a decade ago. The cases of H&M and Coca Cola are referred to in this essay to express the similarity in their questionable motives. H&M’s claim of being environmentally conscious with their utilisation of organic cotton within their business proves irrelevant after being caught with immoral acts that were stated earlier. The genuineness of their principles in business ethics is flawed by this flagrant contradiction since one would argue that if their sense of responsibility for the environment were great, they would not be accountable for such unethical activities. On the other hand, Coca Cola only responded to possessing ethics in their business environment after being sued and attracting negative media attention, not including the obvious decline in their sales even though they still remained as the world’s leading carbonated cola in 2006 (Fairfield, 2007). Thus, similarly the sincerity behind Coca Cola’s motive to develop a diversity group and their emphasis in cultural acceptance is also suspicious because these were only developed and implemented after the public uproar. Although it may be surprising, Microsoft Inc. can also be compared to Coca Cola and H&M to an extent in terms of the motivations behind their CSR works as well as business ethics practices. The co-founder and chairman of Microsoft Inc. , Bill Gates is widely known and celebrated for his great donations to the public. In 2011, Microsoft Inc. won the award for being ‘Most Ethical, beating Google and Facebook after making donations of millions of dollars to non profit organisations and charities, establishing plans of actions for economic development as well as heightening their means of central reporting procedures (Smith, 2011). Having said all this, it is shocking to note that only just 15 years ago, a board experts at a panel in a well-known seminar held in California could not answer and decide whether Microsoft Inc. were an ethical corporation. (Spinello, 2003). Spinello (2003) continues to write that not only were the panel of experts unsure of the answer, the audience, who were consisted of scholarly representatives did not know how to respond either. This is because Microsoft Inc. has been involved in an antitrust inspection worldwide and some Americans have referred to this event as the â€Å"antitrust trial of the century† (Mota, 2005). The antitrust laws, otherwise known as competition laws were introduced by the American government to protect customers from being exploited by companies who practice unfair competition in the market (Investopedia, 2011). Gates is also the primary shareholder in America’s second biggest waste administration called the Republic Services (O’Hagan, 2013). In her article O’Hagan (2013) questions how the co-founder of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation can spread the word to publicise vaccinations for poliomyelitis, a disease that can cause a temporary or permanent paralysis while â€Å"Republic Services is locking out its workers as part of an industrial dispute†, a policy that may put a risk to the Americans’ sanitary. There is no doubt that Microsoft Inc. ’s involvement in charity work over the years have been generous and can be regarded as a model example of a company who takes their corporate social responsibilities seriously. However, it is also evident that while their voluntary organisations are remarkable, their business practice leaves with less to be awed for. Hence, similar to the H&M case brought up previously, there is a contradiction between Microsoft’s work with charity and some of their immoral activities in the workplace. It is also comparable to Coca Cola in that it only came to be involved in large ‘corporate citizenship’ after the aftermath from their antitrust cases (Smith, 2011). It is safe to say that most companies are fighting to prove their good works through all types of methods, charity works in the case of Microsoft Inc. as well as forming a new diversity department in the case of Coca Cola. With thousands of other corporations yearning to prove their sincerity in making ethical decisions and practicing moral behaviour in the workplace, it is becoming tougher to examine just how responsible and principled an organisation is (Kwan, 2012). Kwan (2012) writes that this issue can be solved with the help of a B Corp certification. B Corp stands for Benefit Corporations, which is one of the latest kinds of corporate structure, acting as a third party classification to calculate the effects of an organisation to the environment (Fritz, 2013). Balch (2012) argues that the term benefit not only considers social and environmental aspects of a business but also its financial side as well, where he insists that 21st century capitalism would be a hybrid of generating social value together with maximising financial returns. B Corps essentially â€Å"provides what is lacking elsewhere: proof† to support that the specific company is in actual fact practicing what is proclaimed by them, hence, useful for firms whose focus is to not only make profit but also putting social and environmental interest a primary concern while doing so (Rosenberg, 2011). Although certifying B Corps to sincere businesses with aims of increasing positive social and environmental impacts sound fair, smaller and newer companies may say otherwise (Akalp, 2011). In their academic journal, Helsey et al. (2013) report that a company must be prepared to invest on their time and money to obtain the status. Depending on the area that they are operating in, the business must able to relate themselves with certain criteria listed, such as â€Å"providing low-income or undeserved individuals or communities with beneficial products or services† (Helsey et al, 2013). Fritz (2013) also confirms that a company must be assessed in accordance to the B Ratings System in which they must score at least 80 points out of 200 on top of consenting to changes in their legal articles of incorporation. Furthermore, there is a fee involved, which varies depending on the revenue of the firm (Akalp, 2013). This implies that organisations with strong awareness and appreciation of responsibilities may choose not to be certified with B Corps and thus put across a sense of false portrayal to companies without the B Corp certificate (Akalp, 2013). Therefore, it can be argued that larger companies with a higher source of income can afford to pay more to be certified. In addition to this, there have also been criticisms on the marking boundaries of the certification process. As stated earlier, companies need to score a point of 80 out of the maximum 200. Horatio (2012) disputes that this only indicates a 40% passing score for a company to be certified, which he claims as â€Å"not much of a standard† and â€Å"essentially worthless†. With that in mind, a case could be made that there is now a limitation to the authenticity of the certificate since large companies can afford to pay their way through the process and most probably pass the low 40% passing requirement. The purpose of this essay has been to convey that most companies, regardless of their past, recent or current reputation are never completely ethical in their business activities and that in one way or another, they have been associated with its share of moral negligence. With the examples used in the essay, it is safe to say that most companies that operate in what is considered to be as ethical to the public are only doing so to receive public attractions, and consequently earn more profits and success to the company. It is important to draw attention to the fact that there is a fundamental difference between what a company does and what their beliefs are. Just because a company is praised for their CSR related activities and was voted amongst the best of companies with high business ethics performance, this does not indicate that they are doing so for the sake of the planet or the people. If anything, this essay has been stating otherwise, demonstrating that most ethically responsible organisations are only involved in ethical activities to draw consumers in, thus, increase their profit.