Herbert Marcuse: Life and Philosophies Essay

Herbert Marcuse was born in 1898 in Berlin and studied in Freiburg where he received his PhD in 1922 in Literature. His life was mainly portrayed in his various roles as a philosopher, social theorist, and political activist and university professor. Known to us as the â€Å"father of the New Left†, he has authored many books and articles in support of his thoughts. During his early years of career, he has worked with Martin Heidegger, then one of the most influential thinkers in Germany and who he has regarded his mentor. His initial ideas on philosophical perspectives of phenomenology, existentialism, and Marxism were demonstrated in his first published article in 1928. He had offered a different view about Marxist thought and that is probably what scholars from the New Left had derived from him. He argued that there is much to Marxism that most Marxists have overlooked- it is more than a battle of transition from capitalism to socialism. He decided to join the Institut fur Sozialforschung in Frankfurt, later in Geneva and Columbia University. He studied Hegel’s Ontology and Theory of Historicity in 1932. He published in 1933, a major review of Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts written by Marx in 1844, meant to correct the early interpretations of Marxist scholars. His theories were centered on critical perspectives on modern capitalism and revolutionary change and liberation from the rich; hence the essence of his â€Å"one-dimensional† society and his concept of â€Å"the great refusal† Consequently, he became one of the most influential intellectuals in the United States during the 1960s and into the 1970s. Here he has written â€Å"Reason and Revolution† (1941), which explored the birth of the ideas of Hegel, Marx, and modern social theory, introducing to English readers the Hegelian-Marxian tradition of dialectical thinking and social analysis. He has worked as the head of the Central European bureau by the end of World War II, after which he returned to intellectual work and published Eros and Civilization in 1955 which is a synthesis of Marx and Freud arguing that the unconscious contained evidence of an instinctual drive toward happiness and freedom articulated in daydreams, works of art, philosophy, and other cultural products- a non-repressive civilization is imagined where libidinal and non-alienated labor, play, free and open sexuality manifest. He became a professor in Brandeis University and University of California in La Jolla. He died in 1979. Herbert Marcuse’s contribution to social theory transcends others in his use of Philosophy in his explanations. For one, his Philosophy of Art is best characterized as â€Å"negative art†. His idea about a great art is one that is irrational, negative and destructive. Nonetheless, it is important in the society as it is useful. Again, going back from his Freudian cum Marxian critique of the capitalist society where this notion of art emanates; Freud’s psychology places a heavy emphasis on the role of (sexual) repression. The reality principle replaces the pleasure principle in young children. This is the basis of civilized society, and nothing can satisfy these unconscious desires of adults. The self that represses and is disgusted by what is repressed is the adult, social self while the self that delights in the repressed is the childish, anti-social self. This repression is exemplified by folk characters such as Peter Pan. A modification was made by Marcuse by adding a difference between â€Å"necessary† and â€Å"surplus† repression. The former is essential for survival while the latter is demanded by other people (e.  g. rulers). Surplus repression is eliminated while necessary repression is minimized by progress. However, surplus repression is heightened by the elite. If it was necessary repression that was being challenged, we would have the duty to constrain the outrage that people express as a product of inner conflict and preserve civilization. So that we could conquer the surplus repression on the other hand, we must release our unnecessary desires from all repressions. The art then serves as the source of such revolution. These conceptions of repression are evident in his â€Å"Eros and Civilization†. Any discussion about his Philosophy on Art would have to deal with this critical work. Eros and Civilization may be considered a Marxist interpretation of Freud’s Civilization and Its Discontents. Marcuse argued contrary to Freud that repression of the Libido is not a necessary precondition of civilization but only of a civilization limited by want and toil, which is of economic scarcity. (Eidelberg, 1969) Also, in One-Dimensional Man, he argued that subtle forms of repression exists amidst the freedom and affluence manifested in American society. From these two, he was able top coin the term â€Å"repressive tolerance† which according to him is generated by an economy based on planned obsolescence and the production of wastes. While the economic establishment may produce useful and beneficial things, its existence depends primarily on the production of frivolous and even harmful things. And while it may sometimes satisfy â€Å"true† needs, more often it manufactures a multiplicity of â€Å"false† needs†¦ (Eidelberg 1969) In addition, the products of the economy, like that in the entertainment industry needs creates  this â€Å"false consciousness† thru the reactions, beliefs, ideas and feelings that it carries which immunes the industry against falseness. The â€Å"true† needs are repressed because the manufacturing and gratification of artificial needs produce a feeling of satisfaction which constrains the individual from opposing economic and political structures. This is why â€Å"great art† for Marcuse is one that is able to liberate from the manufactured rationality, positivism and subtle repressions of the society- one that goes out of the normal, accepted and gratified. There are certain forms of art that are meant to constitute the same ideas, sentiments and want that are categorized as â€Å"false† and are there to create a pleasant relationship between producers and consumers. Marcuse’s Philosophy of Art clearly follows his line of argumentations on â€Å"repression†. No good art would aim at participating in the creation of â€Å"false consciousness† and establish needs and wants that individuals do not regard as necessary. For Herbert Marcuse, â€Å"true needs† are those that the individual decides for him self because no need nor want may be dictated by any tribe, society, etc. Most of Marcuse’s philosophy arises from his interpretation of Hegel’s. In his work, Reason and Revolution, Pippin says that: Most clearly, what Marcuse wants to preserve and defend in Hegel is the central place given in his system to â€Å"negativity†, the â€Å"power† of thought and action to reject and transform any putative â€Å"positive† reality, and the impossibility of understanding any such reality except in relation to this possibility. Accordingly, in Reason and Revolution, he again rejects in Hegel all those aspects of his thought that tend to suppress or overcome this negating potential (Pippin 1988 Cited in Anderson 1993) It seems that this negativity will be the source and means of acquiring reason and knowledge that presupposes freedom from repression. This is the same negativity that Marcuse expresses in the â€Å"great† art. Anderson explains this â€Å"negativity in relation to Marx and Hegel: For Marx, as for Hegel, the dialectic takes note of the fact that the negation inherent in reality is â€Å"the moving and creative principle†. The dialectic is the dialectic of negativity†¦ Negativity is important to Marx in part because economic realities exhibit their own inherent negativity. Marcuse’s stress on Hegel’s concept of negativity is new and original. (Anderson 1993) Hence, certain types of art exhibit the principle of negativity that may not portray existing realities as the essence of reality may indeed be implicit yet is creative to convey ideas of the unknown and true. How then are Marcuse’s ideas especially his philosophies relevant in today’s society? I could only think of the prevailing culture and how such is played by media, capitalism, political structures and organizations. How is repression exhibited by their activities and ideas? Which of our â€Å"true† needs are suppressed? Which of the needs they insist on the public are considered â€Å"false† needs? Where is art as the potential revolutionary tool to resist repression? Imagine television commercials that are made to promote certain products. While many are made to patronize the product, the demand has been created as a result of a dictation for the purpose of profit for the producer, tv network, etc. The demand created may only satisfy the superficial needs of the consumer. For, even if the â€Å"will† of the individual to consume the product may be voluntary, it is nonetheless a form of participation to the orthodox or mainstream beliefs and desires. The tv commercial becomes the tool for the expansion of the â€Å"false consciousness†. The economic system created becomes a system of gratification of what seemingly appears as demand yet demand dictated by profit, ergo â€Å"false†. The â€Å"true† needs are repressed for the â€Å"true need† emerges as the ideas that are advocating liberation from the norm and comfortably accepted. Art could become a tool for this revolutionary endeavor. In the same way that Art could be appreciated readily in the societal market, it could contain subtle thoughts and ideologies aimed at pursuing â€Å"true needs† with less confrontation and hindrances. Art may take various forms; paintings, music, architecture, literature, etc. While Art is also categorized as mainstream and peripheral, only those that are based on Reason may truly reflect realities and negate the economic rationalities presented in a repressed society. Herbert Marcuse has truly contributed a lot to the understanding of various societal aspects. His Philosophy of Art is a subject that is both enlightening and liberating.

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

In â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. uses several writing techniques. There are two that are used predominately in his famous letter. To clarify his strategy the reader has to first understand the intended audience of his letter. The document is addressed to â€Å"My Dear Fellow Clergymen. † Then to look at the letter a little deeper – it is not only the who the letter is addressed – but the position of those to who the letter is addressed. The recipients of this letter do not agree with Dr. Marti Luther King Jr’s actions.Dr. King uses the writing techniques of exposition and description in this letter to his fellow pastors. Dr. King is defending his actions to his fellow pastors. To do this he has to describe why he is doing what he is doing and then expand on these ideas and actions. The first technique I will prevail on is that of expository writing. Dr. King is communicating to concerned clergy what he firmly belie ves. What his ideas and dreams are for the movement. Dr. King goes beyond description in this letter. He finds words to ensure the readers understand his ideas. Although the recipients of his letter disagree with his actions Dr. King draws out again that, â€Å"Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever.The yearning for freedom eventually manifests itself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (King). He digs deep within his heart to share his readers what he is feeling, his pain, his torment, his anger, his joy, his hope – and even his love. Dr. King holds nothing back in sharing his ideas and his inner most feelings. The next technique used in this letter is that of description. Dr. King goes into great detail describing what he and the movement are doing. What and why they have done 1 things that some don’t agree with. He at no time apologizes for the actions he has taken – he is merely describing what led him to take these certain actions. At one point in theletter he describ es his feeling of how he came to be at the front of the civil rights movement. He goes on to describe the event that led to his leadership role. He states â€Å"When I was suddenly catapulted into the leadership of the bus protest in Montgomery, Alabama, a few years ago†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Dr. King was very effective in his technique and strategy of writing. He relates many activities the movement has been involved in. He shares some of the stories of those he has met and stood side by side with. The letter describes his dreams of a better America.He describes not only a 72 year old lady in Alabama – bet expands on why she is doing what she is doing. Because her feet are tired†¦. In thirty nine paragraphs and using less than 7,000 words (6,898) – Dr. King shares from a single jail cell in central Alabama the very essence of the American Civil Rights Movement of the 1960‘s. He describes to his readers not only what he is doing as part of that movement and why he i s doing these things. More importantly – through exposition writing the reader understands exactly who the movement is for. As a reader of this letter I could see the entire movement unfold up to that point from his cell. I could also from benefit of history see where that movement was going.From a bus ride in Montgomery, to a cell in Birmingham, on to speaking in front of a National Monument and a finally a wave from a balcony in Memphis. Was he successful in his writing strategy and techniques? The lunch counter signs are gone – there are not notes at water fountains – and let’s not forget who just moved into 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. 2 Bibliography King, M. L. Jr. (1963). University of Pennsylvania: African Studies Center. Letter from a Birmingham Jail. Retrieved February 18, 2009, from, http://www. africa. upenn. edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham. html

Argument for Google's position in Author's Guild lawsuit against Essay

Argument for Google's position in Author's Guild lawsuit against Google - Essay Example There are plenty of resources from where different stock quotes can be had, addresses can be found, phone numbers could be tracked, maps could be found out and news headlines can be checked upon. More than anything else, Google offers a Wireless Access Protocol (WAP) platform when the user is away from his computer and this links him easily with the Google services and different domains of which he is very fond of. The best thing about Google is that it is very easy to use and there are no manuals to understand what it is all about. Google’s utility has made it very common amongst teenagers, men and women. The best part about its expanding business is that word of mouth has played a huge role in its success and the advertising is literally negligible when word of mouth is compared with the same. This speaks of the affection and praise that the people, no matter how old they are or where they belong from, have for Google as a company. When it comes to Authors Guild, we find that their opinion is somewhat unsubstantiated and not backed up with the help of supporting facts and evidences. They have tried their hardest to keep Google away from the shores of book scanning and digitizing to millions of readers worldwide. What their point of view does is to present a gloomy picture of the thinking that the Authors Guild have and how they want to earn from each and every opportunity that comes their way. The basic objection to the digitizing and book scanning aspect is that Google makes use of these excerpts on its web pages which are filled with advertisements thus accounting to huge returns on the part of Google in the form of advertising revenues and marketing shares. There seems to be no other way than to adopt the advertising bandwagon since Google is a public domain in the present times more than anything else and any and everybody can copy, view and scan whatsoever he or she wants for their reading pleasure. The s earch engine does its best to make the

Carpe Diem in Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carpe Diem in Poetry - Essay Example Each path will take him to a very different destination, but from where he is standing at this point he doesn’t know the end result. He is pondering which road is his choice. Should he take the road most travelers take; or should he take the road a little different. He probably anticipates what his future holds, but will always wonder where the other road can carry him. However, if he takes the road expected of him and it doesn’t work out, â€Å"Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back;† he doubts if he will have the opportunity to make another choice. But yet in the last stanza he made his decision; he took the road that not many take, and apparently it worked out well. As time has moved on, he was not given a chance for another choice. However, he is happy with the outcome of his chosen path. Considering the line, â€Å"I shall be telling this with a sigh,† what does this mean? When the future comes, and I look back on my life and what could have been, did I make the right decision? How could my life have been different if I had taken another path? The fact remains you have to make a decision and no one knows what the outcome. When you come to the end of your life you realize that you don’t know what the right choice is until it’s all over. ... Looking at â€Å"To his Coy Mistress,† Andrew Marvell is truly taken by the beauty of this woman. â€Å"My vegetable love should grow,† he is comparing his love to how you grow to love vegetables. It’s a feeling that sustains the body, mind and soul. He adores this woman and wants to be with her, and he is telling her that he wants to show his heart. He, however, wants to make sure that everything is perfect for them. In the second paragraph, the mood changes a little and he is feeling that time is nearing and he wants to move things along a little quicker. He is afraid that if he waits too long he will not have the chance to be with her and show his love. In the third and final paragraph, he turns back to his feelings for the woman and how deeply he feels. â€Å"Our sweetness, up into one ball; And tear our pleasures with rough strife,† he wants to be with her in whatever life throws at them. In this paragraph Marvell shows â€Å"carpe diem,† to se ize the moment. He is saying that no one knows what life will bring, but that we can seize the present moment and make our own life together. We can grab the fire of life and move forward together. In Robert Herrick’s â€Å"To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time,† he puts it in a very simple form. â€Å"Gather ye rosebuds while ye may,† means to take advantage of youth while you have the chance, don’t wait until you are old and to much time has passed. The rose symbolizes life, and the bud virgins, the cycles of nature that represent the cycles of life. Just as life changes through cycles, youth, adulthood, marriage, children, and death; so does a rose. A rose sprouts buds and produces a flower, and eventually withers and loses it petals. He also states that with youth the, â€Å"blood

Prepare a Business case in 2250 words for a proposed project for an Essay

Prepare a Business case in 2250 words for a proposed project for an organisation of your choice - Essay Example At this, ADB envisions to create or change most war torn countries in this region into developing nations while having citizens who enjoy quality life. There are 67 members around the globe, 48 from the region while the remaining 19 are from other parts of the world. The ADB raises its funds through issuing bonds in the world’s capital markets and effectively managing its members contribution and earnings from its lending system. As such, these sources have accounted for more than two thirds of ADB’s lending power (Vision and Mission, 2). With the growing interest and attention in global warming and other environmental issues, governments around the world with the help of financial institutions have set up numerous projects that would protect and preserve the various eco systems globally. In line with ADB’s goal, it has recently shown interest in protecting and preservation of the environment and its natural inhabitants, particularly in Qinling Mountains, China (Region and Countries, 2). According to Asian Development Bank (1), Qinling Mountain is biologically rich region in which most inhabitants are threatened, endangered animals while there are endemic plant species which could only be seen in the area that also imply preventive measures in order to protect them. The Shaanxi Qingling Biodiversity conversation and demonstration focuses on preventing the area from collapsing due to natural problems posed by global warming and human intervention (Environmental Conservation Beyond Borders, 4) With its natural gift of biodiversity, Qinling Mountain and its human habitants have long traded unequally. Along with it, the land surrounding the area have also been under heavy burden due to the people living in the region. At such, the ADB’s Biodiversity Conversation and Demonstration in the Qinling Mountain would cover most of the major environmental problems as

Comparison Paper about three works of art that depict a common theme Essay

Comparison Paper about three works of art that depict a common theme or subject in distinct and different ways - Essay Example pression with the Egyptian focus on content and developed an artistic approach intended to inspire and celebrate their cultural and individual achievements. The art of the Middle Ages sought to replace the Paganism of the fallen Roman Empire with themes of Christian religious myths, giving the practice of art religious, political and educational purposes. This gave way to the explosion of art during the Renaissance which was inspired by the re-discovery of ancient art forms and practices (Gombrich, 1995). This skip through history illustrates how art can be used for many purposes and is often inspired or developed to build on the past. These ideas can be found in a comparison of paintings created on a similar theme such as Boticelli’s â€Å"Birth of Venus,† Titian’s â€Å"Venus of Urbino† and Edouard Manet’s â€Å"Olympia,† all of which seek to reflect and define their culture’s conception of beauty and expectations of the female gende r ideal. The period of the Renaissance is generally recognized as occurring between 1300 and 1500 in Italy. In the years between the collapse of the Roman Empire and the birth of the Renaissance, artworks typically had a very religious theme, focusing almost exclusively on figures from the Bible. With the discovery of some of the classic art and architecture of Rome, there was renewed interest in the deities that had once been important to these people. Venus, the goddess of love, was reborn in statues and paintings throughout this period. Perhaps one of the most well-known of these resurrections is Botticelli’s â€Å"Birth of Venus† (1485). Although this wasn’t the first image of Venus created during the Renaissance, Botticelli chose to display Venus in the nude in deliberate reference to her classical poses. However, he is wisely not so blatant as to have her standing with no discretion. In Botticelli’s highly Christianized society, the only nudes generally acce pted by the powers that be were Adam, Eve or the crucified

Motivation Paper Self assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Motivation Paper Self assessment - Essay Example This is correlated to the varying scores that individuals attain in self assessment tests. In this case, it is justified to argue that, the variances in the self assessment tests attribute to the fact that, individuals are different in terms of motivation levels. From the online test, I attained a high score in the dominant needs; average score on the secondary needs, and for the minor needs, the score was lowest. This notion is an interpretation of the fact that, I possess a philosophical mind, my being motivated would only emanate from within, as I am constantly out to foresee what might come out as a result of reactions of peoples’ deeds, especially resultant actions. In the case of an organization, the manager may need to assess my personal ability in an attempt to ensure that I fit in the organization. Since my strength emanates from within, the aspects of self actualization in the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs would be beneficial. This aspect allows individuals have a fertile ground where they would achieve their goals and objectives despite the occurrences in the environment. From the test, a person of ability to think through the minds of others is only fair that the other aspects of the hierarchy of needs are satisfied so as they can self actualize. On another angle, theory Y can be applied in my case. This aspect conforms to the fact that, individuals are free to work on their own accord, with minimal supervision. The test attests to my ability to read the minds of persons as well as grasp concepts in an easier manner. I have also been indicated to work easily in the company of others and have emotional intelligence that allows me understand what individuals may result to in various circumstances. In this case, the manager needs not bother instilling the feelings that I need to work, since my motivation levels emanate from within. In an attempt to motivate me, the manager may consider incorporating me in the

Britain's privatized railway system Literature review

Britain's privatized railway system - Literature review Example This freed up the Secretary of State to give the relevant board directions concerning the disposal of its holdings. This Act was necessary because the government at all times had to act by the rules that were established by various Acts covering transport and railways, which would have stopped the board from disposing of the assets. Following the Secretary of state’s actions, he directed for the formation of Rail-track PLC, which, in turn, paved the way for 1993’s Railways Act. The British Railways Board’s operations were subsequently sold off. At the time, the process was riddled with controversy and some of the results have lent credence to the criticism that came its way. The manner of the privatization also led to widespread criticism from over twenty companies involved, especially for its complexity. Following the Swedish example that seemed apparently successful, the BEU issued directive 91/440, wishing to enable new rail operators to access the market (Jupe & Crompton, 2006: p1038). EU member states were required to separate infrastructure and railway management operations from transport services with account separation termed, as compulsory to all industries that were formally owned by the state with while separation with institutions being optional. The EU hoped that track operators would levy a transparent fee that would allow operators to run networked trains under open access. British Rail was privatized between 1994 and 1997 with Rail-track given ownership of infrastructure and track in April of 1994. Following this, there was franchising of passenger operations to operators in the private sector with outright sale of freight services. BRB Ltd. got the remaining British rail obligations. When John Major replaced Margaret Thatcher as the Conservative party leader in late 1 990 the privatization of the British Rail begun to pick up steam. The government under Thatcher had sold off almost all industries that were formally owned by the state with the exception of British Rail. Even though, Cecil Parkinson, the previous Secretary for Transport had led advocacy for a form of semi-private or private ownership of the British rail network, Thatcher had deemed it too much (Jupe & Crompton, 2006; p1039). In the 1992 elections, the Conservative manifesto included a privatization commitment for the British rail network, although the specifics were not set out clearly. Triumphing over opinion polls, the Conservatives won the 1992 elections and had to, consequently, come up with a plan to privatize British Rail prior to the publishing of the Railways Bill the following year (Haywood, 2007: p200). British Rail’s management led a strong advocacy campaign for the privatization of British Rail under a single entity with John Redwood, a Cabinet Minister, arguing for the regional companies that were in charge of trains and track, although the Prime Minister did not back this at the time. Consequently, following pressure from a think tank fronted by the Adam Smith Institute, the treasury advocated for seven franchises for passenger railways, which later expanded to 25, as a means of revenue maximization. The treasury prevailed in this instance. In addition, privatization of British Rail became a reality. In 1997, the Labor government took over after almost all privatization had been carried out and failed to act, on its earlier promise, to return to the public sector the railway system (Haywood, 2007: p200). It, instead, elected to leave the structure as it was and even oversaw the completion of

Research Methadology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research Methadology - Essay Example If all these above mentioned aspects might be known, then it might prove effective for the researcher or the investigator to evaluate the main points of the research question and whether it is useful for the future steps of the research or not. The research design also acts as a tool to evaluate, whether the investigation is fixed or variable. The researcher might analyze, which type of research design such as qualitative or quantitative might be used. Furthermore, if the research design is develop with the help of hypothesis, the choice of grouping the researchers might be easily evaluated. Thus, it might be stated that, it is the research design that acts as the catalyst in analyzing the entire effectives of the research project or study (Leavy, 2014, 351-357). Semi structured interviews is a sort of interview that is entirely based on a specific list of questions or a specific set of questions. Moreover, semi-structured interview might also be based on certain specific topics so as to understand the personality and attitude of an individual. This type of interviews is conducted in an informal way in order to gather varied types of information and facts regarding the candidate. This makes an interpersonal relationship within the two individual (management and the candidate) that enhances their trust and reliability among one-another. Although, it is not followed but it includes some advantages, presented below. In-depth information: With the help of this interview process, an in-depth evaluation of the ideas and facts of the candidate over a specific topic might be analyzed. It helps the management to evaluate the inner strengths and weaknesses of the candidate and whether he or she is appropriate for the job or not. Experiences might be shared: In this type of interview process, varied types of previous

The Phantom of the Opera Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Phantom of the Opera - Essay Example The performers wore colorful and rich costumes. The style of costumes changed depending on the scenes. Some of them represented parts of other operas inside the musical. For example, the rehearsal of the opera Hannibal takes place in the Ancient Rome, and the costumes had a luxury Roman and Carthaginian style. In the opera Il Muto, the performers wore eighteenth-century clothing. The musical offers a great visual interest in the group scenes, specially in the number â€Å"Masquerade†, where the cast showed different costumes, like ballerinas, buffoons, clowns, mythological figures, and the â€Å"Red Mask† of the Phantom. The Phantom of the Opera does not have the traditional concert setting. The audience does not just listen quietly, like in a concert of classical music. The scenario is partly integrated with the rest of the theater. It is important to notice that The Phantom of the Opera is a musical about a theater, which takes place within a theater. In some moments, the public could feel that they belonged to the same fictional audience who witnessed all the events in the Paris Opera. For example, the fall of the chandelier, the appearance of the nobleman Raoul in a balcony, from where he sees Christine singing; the representation of Don Juan Triumphant, the opera written by the Phantom, or in the other opera Il Muto, when the diva Carlotta loses her voice.

Study abroad Essay Example for Free

Study abroad Essay Having the chance to study Fashion Merchandising in Fashion Institute of Technology in the United States is a rare opportunity given to any international student.   My direct exposure to the fashion industry in New York has strengthened my knowledge on the complexities and competitiveness of the business.   However, my keen interest to succeed in this field should not begin and end in developing a strong fashion sense.   I also need to enhance my organization and networking skills and learn to deal with distributors and various markets around the world in order to be globally competitive. One of the steps that I need to take is to expand my social, cultural and economic horizon by taking Liberal Arts subjects in Yonsei University, the university that is known in developing students to become servant leaders to the world community. Since childhood, I have a keen interest in the field of fashion and as I continue to grow in knowledge about the intricate world of this industry, I am now at a stage where I want to prepare for an endeavor where I can combine both my interest and skills in fashion and my desire to create jobs for my countrymen in Korea.   Studying Liberal Arts would help me develop strong analytical stills and broad foundation of knowledge that would prepare me to cope in this highly competitive career. Yonsei University, being one of the leading universities in the world, has foreign enrollees from different parts of the globe.  Ã‚   Being with students of different nationalities would pave the way towards cultural appreciation and awareness that would help me design and market fashionable products using materials from different countries. Although being a Korean would give me the edge in adjusting to the country and to the local students in the university, I am still interested to gain more knowledge so I can share what I have learned to the students at Fashion Institute of Technology, New York.   This effort is my way of sharing my blessings to other students so they could apply the knowledge that they have gained from my experience to their field of endeavor.

Mesopotamian and Egyptian Civilizations Essay Example for Free

Mesopotamian and Egyptian Civilizations Essay The ancient Near East captured much of the region between modern day England and Western Asia, including much of Northern Africa and Mesopotamia. From this domain, arose early civilizations that made significant contributions that paved the way to how we live our lives today. Two very distinct civilizations arose from the Neo-lithic period that initiated the basis for a great many people’s political structure, religion, society, and culture. Mesopotamian civilization occupied the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, while the Egyptian civilization formed a prosperous society along the Nile River. The Mesopotamians and Egyptians, unique in their own right, laid the foundations of a flourishing civilization in the region. Mesopotamians, particularly the Sumerians, helped lead the transition from nomadic living to urban folk after the Neolithic Period. As more people began living a settled life, numerous towns sprang up, ushering a new way of life and the earliest forms of government. The towns, diverse and populous, developed a central authority governed by laws that brought about order and peace. In addition to forming one of the earliest forms of government, Mesopotamian’s invented writing that helped unify their society and the spread of their culture and ideas to a broader world by making communications easier. New advances in mathematics helped bring about the building of cities, palaces, temples, and canals. Even before Christianity, the Mesopotamians had originated religious beliefs, believing that many gods brought order to the world and life itself. They acknowledge that though there were many deities, each had a specific task, such as overlooking music, victory, law, and sex. They, however, found that gods themselves were not equal to one another and offered sacrifices to the more powerful deities, often building their cities around shrines, which made it easier for them to worship the gods. Similar to many religious beliefs of a world built by a higher entity, the Sumerians believed that the Heaven and earth were united and gave birth to Enlil, their foremost god who powered over the entire cosmos. This myth by the Mesopotamians became one of the earliest attempts to account for the creation of the universe. In addition to creating an early form of government and religious ideas, the ancient Mesopotamians also established the basic social patterns of their ancient world. Their society consisted of nobles, clients, commoners, and slaves. Elected into power by the citizens, the king and his family was the head of the noble class. Clients were free individuals who received portions of land in the kingdom from the noble class in return for labor. Commoners were citizens who had a voice in political affairs and could own land in their own right, unlike the slaves who were often prisoners of war, forced into labor by their owners but possessed the opportunity to purchase their freedom. Much like the Mesopotamians, the Egyptian civilization was able to develop a political structure, worshipped gods, established social classes, and possessed a unique culture. Often referred to as the â€Å"gift of the Nile†, ancient Egyptians looked to the Nile as the lifeblood of their civilization, not only shaping their everyday lives, but their society and history as well. The Nile provided the people raw materials for pottery, jewelry, ornaments, architectures, sculptures, and many other applications. Because of the fertile Nile, Egyptians didn’t have much reason to look to the outside world and rather flourished within their region. The period known as the Old Kingdom ( 2660-2180 b.c.e.), gave birth to new innovations and ideas, particularly religious ideas. Similar to the Mesopotamian civilization, the Egyptians believed in many gods and often developed contradictory ideas of their gods. They also believes some gods to be mightier than others, with the most powerful gods being Amon and Ra, the sky and sun god respectively. Like Enlil, Amon reigned over the cosmos. Ra also played a significant role in that he was considered the creator of life and associated with the falcon-god Horus. Similarities in their roles eventually led to Egyptians worshiping both gods as the single deity, Amon-Ra. Other deities such as Osiris, the fertility god, Anubis, the jackal-headed god, and Isis, Osiris’s wife, were also worshipped by the people and were key figures to their belief of an afterlife. Much of Egypt’s political and social structure revolved around the pharaoh. This king, was believed by the people to be the Human form of Horus, and would be the only to integrate the people with their gods. The pharaoh controlled everything from wealth to the people themselves and of course, stood alone at the top of the political, social, and economic scale. Slaves and peasants occupied the bottom of the social class, above them the serfs, then ordinary folks, and officials. Peasants and slaves were forced to labor and were forced to work on pyramids. Able-bodied young men served the pharaoh either in his army or labor force, sometimes both. Farmers tended the land, and in some cases, faced brutal tax collection. In conclusion, the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations possessed qualities that distinguished themselves from one another but also bore similarities between the two. Both civilizations were polytheistic, established social and political structures, and brought about ground breaking new innovations and ideas. The Mesopotamian’s gave us writing, the wheel, and the foundations for settled life, while the Egyptians gave us the great pyramids, still mysterious and marvelous to this day. Reference McKay, John P., et al. A History of World Societies. 8th ed. Vol. I: To 1715. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009.

Development of Cognition and Language

Development of Cognition and Language Michael Leo Glynn Research in the area of the development of cognition and language has a long tradition; yet, until recently it has not been possible to ascertain how infants think as they are not able to communicate verbally. It could be argued that language provides concepts that are used to organise thinking, and this premise suggests that infants are neither able to think, nor possess knowledge before they learn language. However, recent research employing innovative experimental methods, allows inferences into how infants’ minds function before they acquire language. This essay will outline relevant research and highlight some methods used to examine how preverbal infants think and categorise the world before they can talk, and will challenge the view that infants have not developed the ability to conceptualise before language acquisition. It will also examine how both language comprehension and language production develops, and discuss how infants are able to distinguish speech. In doing so, it will acknowledge nativist and empiricist perspectives, whilst considering conflicting views of developmental theorists. Perspectives conflict in the way in which it is assumed cognition develops on a continuum from innate ability to experiential learning. Theories offered by Chomsky (1965) in relation to language-specific mechanisms, for example, are from a nativist viewpoint. In contrast, behaviourists, e.g., Skinner (1954) take an empiricist stance advocating that development is primarily a result of learning (Oates and Grayson, 2004). Piaget (1955) and Vygotsky (1962) hold similar views towards the constructive nature of cognitive development and the role that language plays, agreeing that language is elaborated through complex interactions between an infant and their environment. However, Piaget submits that language is dependent upon fundamental constructs of thought for development, whereas, Vygotsky takes a social constructivist view and sees language as necessary for developing thought; furthermore, that thought and language are two separate functions that merge at around 2-years old (Bancroft and Flynn, 2005). Piaget observed infants talking to themselves, which he termed ‘egocentric speak’ (Oates and Grayson 2004), a symbolic function that enables infants to internally construct verbal thought. Vygotsky, in contrast, viewed this as only the first step, and that social interaction with others using language as a ‘cultural tool’ is crucial for language development (Oates and Grayson, 2004). Research has continued apace since Piaget and Vygotsky’s studies and, whilst their influences remain, there is now compelling evidence that preverbal infants can establish links between experiences, construct categories, group them, and in doing so form concepts much earlier than previously assumed. Based upon Frantz’s (1963) familiarisation/novelty preference method, whereby visual fixation duration for one stimulus over another confirmed that infants can perceptually categorise, Younger and Gotlieb (1998) conducted controlled experiments with infants aged 3, 5, and 7 months. Infants were familiarised with distorted prototype dot patterns ranging from good, intermediate, to poor before being shown a control pair comprising a previously shown non-distorted exemplar and an unfamiliar novel exemplar. With one exception all groups preferred to focus upon the novel prototype, thereby indicating that they had formed a category representation due to the familiarisation of the distorted set of exemplars. Results suggested that infants are able to organise their thinking, and although the greatest ability to preferentiate was present at 7 months, all infants possessed a degree of cognition. Quinn et al. (1993), using pictures rather than patterns, arguably providing more ecological validity, demonstrated that infants are also able to categorise animals: discriminating cats from other species such as birds, dogs and horses and, furthermore, able to discern related species (Eimas and Quinn, 1994). Behl-Chadha’s (1996) experiments revealed that infants aged 3 to 4 months are also capable of forming hierarchical structures similar to adults. A novelty preference method using familiar furniture objects as a ‘class’, at a global level, revealed that infants are able to distinguish between chairs and couches at a basic/intermediate level. Experiments using photographs of mammals found that infants, in common with adults, are also able to form global category representations for wide-ranging classes of stimuli (Quinn and Oates, 2004). Further studies by Younger and Gotlieb (1998) indicate that infants use two processes to store categories, an ‘exemplar memory’ for small numbers of instances where every example is stored, and a ‘prototype abstraction’, for large numbers of instances whereby an average of the examples are stored. Their findings suggest that infants employ two strategies to categorise across global/superordinate, basic/intermediate, and specific/subordinate levels. Object examination experiments sought to identify whether infants construct or deconstruct from basic to global levels of category representations or vice versa, and findings tend to support that the latter occurs easier and earlier (Quinn and Oates, 2004), suggesting that prototype abstraction develops before exemplar memory. Studies by Quinn (1994), using similar methods illustrate that infants are also capable of spatial category representation, e.g., above as opposed to below, and between rather than outside. Sensor modality cues are also an important factor in how infants form category representations and there has been much interest in how infants focus upon specific attributes that provide these cues. Quinn and Eimas (1996b), amongst others, employed methods that systematically varied the attributes of an exemplar shown to infants which revealed that they formed categories based upon the presence of a cue, but were unable to form category representations in its absence (Quinn and Oates, 2004). Rakison and Butterworth (1998) employing a sequential touching procedure, the categorisation of toy objects, with older infants, also reported evidence that specific aspects of an exemplar are a cue that enables differentiation between global categories. Using dynamic point light display methods, Arterberry and Bornstein (2002) found that dynamic movement cues can also be attributed to how infants form category representations, where infants were able to distinguish, by movement, animals from objects. Two competing theories exist as to how categories mature into concepts. In accord with the Piagetian viewpoint, a single-process model suggests that language, amongst other exemplars of information, contribute towards an infant’s cognitive ability to develop category representations: a process described as ‘quantitative enrichment’ (Quinn and Eimas, 2000), e.g., enrichment of category representations by infants learning to name objects with their caregivers (Quinn and Oates, 2004). Mandler (1997) addressed the issue of whether there is a developmental progression from category to concept and theorised that perceptual categorisation, the ‘knowing’ that something exists, occurs before conceptual categorisation, the forming of concepts including ‘thinking’ and ‘understanding’ (Quinn and Oates, 2004). Mandler (1992, 2000) suggests a two-process model arguing that perceptual and image schemas, in parallel, lay the foundation for m ature concepts. Perceptual schemas describe features, whereas image schemas allow for abstract features of how exemplars behave leading to the formation of true concepts. This accords with Paiget’s theory of structures and stages of development being marked by characteristic modes of thought (Bancroft and Flynn, 2005). A similar dual-process theory, Karmiloff-Smith (1986), describes an infant’s developmental process as knowledge moving from being implicit and procedural to explicit. Karmiloff-Smiths ‘representational re-description’ model suggests that practise at procedural level is required for knowledge to be re-described as an ‘object of thought’. Research supports that preverbal infants have learned how to form categories, possess a capacity for complex recognition strategies, and have the basic cognitive building blocks for language to develop. However, it is the point at which language begins to emerge, the nature of the relationship between category learning and identifying word sounds in speech, understanding them, categorising them, and reproducing them that is debatable. Speech production is dependent upon comprehension which requires: identification of a word from a speech stream; remembering the word sound for recall; association with an object or action; repetition; then using the word in an appropriate context (Harris, 2004). This empirical viewpoint suggests language needs to be learnt and is not innate. However, DeCasper and Spence (1996) found that prenatal infants are capable of recognising speech sounds; furthermore, research indicates that 4-week-old infants show a propensity towards their mother’s voic e (Mehler and Dupoux, 1994). Experiments by Mehler et al. (1994) report that younger infants favour the familiar language of their surroundings. Christophe and Morton (1998) language comparison experiments attributed this phenomenon to a preference for prosodic patterns, predicting and finding that 2-month-old infants could distinguish English from Japanese, but given the similarities between English and Dutch could not do so. The ability of infants to exploit prosodic cues to bound words was further investigated by Johnson and Jusczuk (2001), who elaborated that transitional probabilities, the ability to detect and remember syllables, also contributes toward language comprehension. Infants are capable of category learning prior to language acquisition, therefore it seems plausible that category learning must be achieved before language production, and it is at this point that changes in an infant’s developing vocal track support the production of their first words, whilst at the same time learning to categorise words and relate them to objects, e.g., the formulation of a word category for cat and then labelling the category. Vygotsky’s social constructivist viewpoint holds that relating words to objects and actions occurs within a social context. Bruner (1975, 1993) elaborates the view that first words emerge within familiar social contexts; however, he did not proffer the extent to which they grow out of experience. The empirical view supports the notion that the production of words involves repeating the sound of a word as it is experienced and in an appropriate context. Harris et al. (1983) support Vygotsky’s view of embedding language i n socially meaningful activities, and found that infants use words in a similar way to their mothers during social routines; furthermore, that comprehension is enhanced by qualitative enrichment: clarifying actions such as gazing, pointing and touching objects, e.g., a toy cat, as cues for an infant to relate words to objects (Harris, 2004). However, as comprehension of words improves, infants are able to abstract them in other contexts. Hart (1991) attributed this non-reliance on experience to increased vocabulary ability. A vocabulary spurt occurs between 1 to 2 years and appears crucial to understanding the correlation between language development and categorisation. Gopnik and Meltzoff (1987) sought to substantiate a link between categorisation and language domains of development and whether they occurred simultaneously. Longitudinal studies observing infants between the ages of 15 to 20 months reported a significant relationship between the vocabulary spurt and categorisation, but did not find strong links between categorisation and other cognitive measures. Gopnik and Meltzoff (1992) were unable to establish whether the vocabulary spurt causes an improved ability to categorise or whether, indeed, the ability to categorise underpins language development (Harris, 2004). These findings compliment Vygotsky’s theory that language and thought are separate functions, and supports that until the point at which they merge infants only possess a basic comprehension of language which provides the buil ding blocks for higher-level thinking and the realisation of ‘true concepts’ (The Open University, 2006, p. 11). Evidence has identified that infants possess a degree of cognitive ability that allows for a basic understanding of language, albeit a rudimentary recognition of basic prosodic patterns and syllables. Prior to language acquisition infants are capable of forming, storing, and retrieving category representations and recognising cues, at both basic and global levels using exemplar memory and prototype abstraction. Category learning can also be distinguished from other cognitive skills as beneficial to language development and when infants start to use their first words, it is apparent that their ability to categorise visual objects evolves to forming abstract ideas. Moreover, as vocabulary increases the capacity to categorise provides for the transition from knowing to forming true concepts. Prior to contemporary methods of investigation, nativists may not have been able to attribute these capacities to anything but innate ability and recent approaches challenge this view. The capacity to categorise is not dependent upon language acquisition; rather it facilitates the foundation for language development. Notwithstanding that infants possess the physical and cognitive processes requisite for developing language, also essential are social interactions that provide rich social contexts in which they can develop cognition and language. This supports Vygotsky’s premise of language being a cultural tool that features significantly in the development of cognition. References: Arterberry, M. E. and Bornstein, M. H. (2002), cited in Quinn and Oates (2004) p. 42. Bancroft, D. and Flynn, E. (2005) ‘Early cognitive development’, in Oates, J., Wood, C. and Grayson, A. (eds), Psychological Development and Early Childhood, Oxford, Blackwell/The Open University. Behl-Chadha, G. (1996), cited in Oates and Grayson (2004) p. 36. Bruner, J. S. (1975), cited in Harris (2004) p. 73. Bruner, J. S. (1993), cited in Harris (2004) p. 73. Christophe, A. and Morton, J. (1998), cited in Harris (2004) p. 67. Christophe, A. and Morton, J. (1998) ‘Reading A: Is Dutch native English? Linguistic analysis by 2-month-olds’ in Oates and Grayson (2004) pp. 98-105. Chomsky, N. (1965), cited in Oates and Grayson (2004) p. 14. DeCasper, A. J. and Spence, M. J. (1996), cited in Harris (2004) p. 66. Eimas, P. D. and Quinn, P. C. (1994), cited in Quinn and Oates (2004) pp. 34-35. Fantz, R. (1963), cited in Quinn and Oates (2004) p. 28. Fantz, R. (1963) ‘Reading A: ‘Pattern vision in newborn infants’ in Slater and Oates, (2005) pp. 124-6. Gopnik, A. and Meltzoff, A. N. (1987), cited in Harris (2004) p. 54-55. Gopnik, A. and Meltzoff, A. N. (1992), cited in Harris (2004) p. 56. Harris, M., Jones, D. and Grant, J. (1983), cited in Harris (2004) p. 74-76. Harris, M. (2004) ‘First words’, in Oates, J. and Grayson, A. (eds), Cognitive and Language Development in Children, Oxford, Blackwell/the Open University. Hart, B. (1991), cited in Harris (2004) p. 89. Johnson, E. K. and Jusczyk, P. W. (2001), cited in Harris (2004) p. 70-72. Mandler, J. M. (1997), cited in Quinn and Oates (2004) p. 27. Mandler, J. M. (1992, 2000), cited in Quinn and Oates (2004) p. 44. Mehler, J. and Dupoux, E. (1994), cited in Harris (2004) p. 67. Mehler, J., Jusczyk, P. W., Dehaene-Lambertz, G., Dupoux, E. and Nazzi, T. (1994), cited in Harris (2004) p. 67. Oates, J., Sheehy, K. and Wood, C. (2005) ‘Theories of development’ in Oates, J., Wood, C. and Grayson, A. (eds), Psychological Development and Early Childhood, Oxford, Blackwell/The Open University. Oates, J. and Grayson, A. (2004) ‘Introduction: perspectives on cognitive and language development, in Oates, J. and Grayson, A. (eds), Cognitive and Language Development in Children, Oxford, Blackwell/the Open University. Piaget, J. (1923/1926), cited in Oates, J., Sheehy, K. and Wood, C. (2005) p. 66. Piaget, J. (1955), cited in Oates and Grayson (2004) p. 17. Quinn, P. C. (1994), cited in Quinn and Oates (2004) p. 37. Quinn, P.C. and Eimas, P. D. (2000), cited in Quinn and Oates (2004) p. 43. Quinn, P.C. and Eimas, P. D. (2004b), cited in Quinn and Oates (2004) p. 40. Quinn, P. C. Eimas, P. D. and Rosenkrantz, S. L. (1993), cited in Quinn and Oates (2004) pp. 34-35. Quinn, P. C. and Oates, J. (2004) ‘Early category representations and concepts’ in Oates, J. and Grayson, A. (eds), Cognitive and Language Development in Children, Oxford, Blackwell/the Open University. Rakison, D. and Butterworth, G. (1998), cited in Quinn and Oates (2004) p. 41. Skinner, B. F. (1953), cited in Oates and Grayson (2004) p. 14. The Open University, (2006), ED209 Child Development, Study Guide, Milton Keynes, The Open University Vygotsky, L. S. (1962), cited in Oates and Grayson (2004) p. 17. Vygotsky, L. S. (1986), cited in Bancroft and Flynn (2005) p. 72. Younger, B. A. and Gotlieb, S. (1988), cited in Quinn and Oates (2004) pp. 31-33.

Lucifer in Starlight by George Meredith :: Lucifer in Starlight George Meredith

Lucifer in Starlight by George Meredith Examining a poem in detail can bring out new meanings and ideas. By careful analysis, the full beauty of the poem can be appreciated. The poem "Lucifer in Starlight (p. 959)", by George Meredith, can be analyzed to refine the authors purpose, by examining every subtle hint, every possibility, for a deeper theme. Also, "deciphering" formal literary techniques such as metaphor, connotation, and symbolism is the key to unlock other expressions. The main theme of the poem is that Lucifer has no place out of his hell, and anything he tries to reenter heaven is futile. As with any poem, it is best to first examine how the title, "Lucifer in Starlight" relates to the body of the poem. Obviously, Lucifer is the defiant angel that was banished from heaven, and sent to the underworld of hell, where he known as Satan. The title refers to the devil as "in starlight", so this means he has to rise to a place where the stars are visible, not the fires of hell. This rising from the underworld is summed up in the first line. It is later explained that he is doing so because he is tired of his 'dark dominion." Ironically, the first line refers to Lucifer honorably, as a "Prince", while in the second line he is tagged as a fiend. This leaves the reader feeling perplexed, yet still thinking of Lucifer as the enemy. At first it may seem as Lucifer has risen to the Earth, but it is further clarified that he has elevated himself above the "rolling ball". However, god imagined the world as planar, with heaven on a higher plane, and hell on a lower plane, not spherical as defined here. From his place in the stars above earth, Lucifer looks down through the clouds, a nd observes the sinners. He is talking about the denizens of the earth, for since Adam sinned in the beginning, all of his sons and daughters are also sinners. Perhaps he can relate to them, as he is also trying for entrance to heaven. For now , he sets his mind on the people who will become denizens of his hell eventually. Here Meredith shows how much hubris the devil really has, for the reader can just see Lucifer savoring over the masses entering his vile domain. Then, Lucifer peers at the most extreme places in the world, describing the sands of Africa.

Rene Descartes & Faith and Reason Essay -- Essays Papers

Rene Descartes & Faith and Reason The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries witnessed a colossal transition in the scientific view of the universe. During this period a profound rethinking of scientific theory as well as moral and religious matters took place. Traditional ideas were reconsidered by religious thinkers. Philosophers began applying rational scientific thought to problems that they considered. The main concept of the Scientific Revolution was to "question everything". The Scientific Revolution was an elaborate movement. Many brilliant people with a wealth of new ideas contributed to this movement. The French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist Rene Descartes was one of these people. Rene Descartes was born March 31, 1596 in Touraine, France. He was born to a mother who, at the time, had tuberculosis and died of it a year later. As a result of his mother's condition, Rene was very frail and suffered from dry coughs all of his life. Rene’s father, Joachim Descartes, was an established lawyer as well as a councilor of the parliament in Rennes 1. Descartes was educated at the Jesuit school of La Flà ¨che in Anjou. He enrolled in the college at the tender age of eight years. During his eight years there, his passion for learning burned brightly. He over-achieved in all of his studies, especially in mathematics and physics. Descartes also received a proficient education in classical languages, literature, and traditional Aristotelian philosophy. Because of his fragile condition he was granted permission to remain in bed until 12 o'clock noon, rather than being awakened at dawn as the other students were. To be sure he didn't rouse too late, Descartes woke himself early and then spent the morning reading, taki... ...eived analytic geometry and established the Cartesian curves and Cartesian coordinates. To algebra he contributed the convention of exponent notation and the treatment of negative roots. Perhaps no other intellectual movement was more significant for the future of European and western civilization. Footnotes 1. Cottingham, John. Descartes. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986. 2. Same as 1 3. Same as 1 4. Same as 1 5. Morgan, Vance G. Foundations of Cartesian Ethics. New Jersey: Humanities, 1994 6. Sorell, Tom. Descartes. Oxford: Oxford, 1987 7. Same as 6 Works Cited - Cottingham, John. Reason, Will, and Sensation: Studies in Descartes’s Metaphysics. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994. - Jolley, Nicholas. The Light of the Soul. Oxford: Clarndon, 1990 - Tierno, Joel Thomas. Descartes on God and Human Error. New Jersey: Humanities, 1997 Rene Descartes & Faith and Reason Essay -- Essays Papers Rene Descartes & Faith and Reason The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries witnessed a colossal transition in the scientific view of the universe. During this period a profound rethinking of scientific theory as well as moral and religious matters took place. Traditional ideas were reconsidered by religious thinkers. Philosophers began applying rational scientific thought to problems that they considered. The main concept of the Scientific Revolution was to "question everything". The Scientific Revolution was an elaborate movement. Many brilliant people with a wealth of new ideas contributed to this movement. The French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist Rene Descartes was one of these people. Rene Descartes was born March 31, 1596 in Touraine, France. He was born to a mother who, at the time, had tuberculosis and died of it a year later. As a result of his mother's condition, Rene was very frail and suffered from dry coughs all of his life. Rene’s father, Joachim Descartes, was an established lawyer as well as a councilor of the parliament in Rennes 1. Descartes was educated at the Jesuit school of La Flà ¨che in Anjou. He enrolled in the college at the tender age of eight years. During his eight years there, his passion for learning burned brightly. He over-achieved in all of his studies, especially in mathematics and physics. Descartes also received a proficient education in classical languages, literature, and traditional Aristotelian philosophy. Because of his fragile condition he was granted permission to remain in bed until 12 o'clock noon, rather than being awakened at dawn as the other students were. To be sure he didn't rouse too late, Descartes woke himself early and then spent the morning reading, taki... ...eived analytic geometry and established the Cartesian curves and Cartesian coordinates. To algebra he contributed the convention of exponent notation and the treatment of negative roots. Perhaps no other intellectual movement was more significant for the future of European and western civilization. Footnotes 1. Cottingham, John. Descartes. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986. 2. Same as 1 3. Same as 1 4. Same as 1 5. Morgan, Vance G. Foundations of Cartesian Ethics. New Jersey: Humanities, 1994 6. Sorell, Tom. Descartes. Oxford: Oxford, 1987 7. Same as 6 Works Cited - Cottingham, John. Reason, Will, and Sensation: Studies in Descartes’s Metaphysics. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994. - Jolley, Nicholas. The Light of the Soul. Oxford: Clarndon, 1990 - Tierno, Joel Thomas. Descartes on God and Human Error. New Jersey: Humanities, 1997

The Digestive and Urinary Systems :: essays research papers

Digestive and Urinary System Lesson 1: The Digestive System Terms: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Digestion: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Absorption: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elimination:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mastication: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Peristalsis: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gastric Juices: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bile: Functions of the Digestive System: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination. q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Digestion occurs in the digestive tract which includes: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mouth: Mastication occurs and enzymes produced by salivary glands starts digesting carbohydrates. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Esophagus: 10 in. long and extends from the pharynx to the stomach. Food moves down the esophagus by the peristalsis. The sphincter, a circular muscle at the entrance of the stomach opens and closes to allow food to enter the stomach. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stomach: Holds about 1qt of food for 3-4 hours and controls the rate at which it enters the small intestine. It also produces Chyme and Gastric Juices. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Small Intestine: 20ft (6m) long, 1in (2.5cm) in diameter. Consist of 3 parts the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. Intestinal juice, secretions from the liver and pancreas complete chemical breakdown. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Large Intestine (Colon): 2.5in (6cm) in diameter and 5-6ft (1.5-1.8m) long. The main function of the large intestine is the elimination of waste and the absorption of water. The water is absorbed into the bloodstream Other Organs that aid Digestion q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are essential for the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Liver: the largest gland in the body q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weighs about 3.5 lbs. q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dark reddish brown color q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over 500 functions q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Produces bile q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Converts sugar glucose to glycogen and stores it q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maintains level of glucose in the blood q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Changes harmful to less harmful toxins q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stores vitamin A, D, E, K, B12, and Iron 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gallbladder: Small sac about 3-4 in. (7-10cm) long q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stores bile until food moves from the stomach into the duodenum of the small intestine. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pancreas: a gland of the digestive and endocrine system. q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Produces insulin q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Produces 3 digestive enzymes: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  trypsin: digest protein 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  amylase: digest carbohydrates 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  lipase: digest fats q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These enzymes are released into the small intestines through ducts. Lesson 2: Problems and care of the Digestive Systems Terms: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Indigestion: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hiatal hernia: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gallstones: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Peptic ulcers: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gastritis: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Appendicitis: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hepatitis: Common Functional Problems: q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Halitosis: (bad breath), can result from disorders of the teeth and gums caused from poor oral health care. q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Indigestion: occurs when your body doesn’t properly breakdown foods. This can be caused by eating too much ,eating too fast, or by indulging in an excess of alcohol. q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Heartburn: occurs when acid content from the stomach backs up into the esophagus. If a person has hiatal hernia they may experience heartburn. q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gas: a certain amount of gas in the stomach or intestine is normal but some foods can cause an excess of gas. q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nausea and Vomiting: this can be caused by motion, pathogens, medicines, drugs, and other substances in the stomach. Nausea precedes vomiting. Vomiting is reverse peristalsis.

Influence of the Enlightenment

The â€Å"Century of Light,† otherwise known as the Enlightenment brought forth a strong emphasis on Reason and Knowledge. One product of the Enlightenment is the ideas and thoughts of Condorcet. Condorcet's Sketch for a Historical Picture of The Progress of the Human Mind is brought on by his strong belief in the Perfectibility of Humanity. In rational order there are certain principals and laws that the cosmos works under, in rational order there is no change. But Condorcet says that change is progress, and through progress, Humanity can be improved. According to Condorcet, the perfection of Mankind is attainable and for that reason he is impelled to reach it. According to Condorcet and the beliefs of the Enlightenment, Reason, is innate in everyone. It is just a matter of using Education to bring it out to consciousness. Condorcet firmly believes that with proper education, a man can â€Å"judge his own and other men's actions according to his own lights†. (The Tenth Stage, Pg. 182) With reason, a man will also be able to recognize his rights and the power he has with them. He wants that a man will â€Å"not be in a state of blind dependence† (The Tenth Stage, Pg. 182). But one must keep in mind that it is not the goal of education to create a smart-aleck so to speak, but a human being that is capable of Autonomy. And even then, not Autonomy of thought but rather Autonomy of Judgment: â€Å"How one should act†. When a man reaches this state, he is enlightened. He is then a responsible and respectable citizen of society and thus, perfect. To Condorcet, it is simply a matter of proper education that is necessary for such outcomes. Equality is another ideal that Condorcet mentions. Believing in the improvement of society, he questions the beginning of prejudices and divisions within the society, â€Å"are these part of civilization itself, or are they due to the present imperfections of the social art?† (The Tenth Stage, Pg. 174) Condorcet believes that we can progress beyond these imperfections and not only have equality among men, but extend this equality with, â€Å"the complete annihilation†¦between the sexes† (The Tenth Stage, Pg. 193). According to Condorcet, we must reach for equality until mankind is able â€Å"to understand his rights and to exercise them in accordance with his conscience and his creed† (The Tenth Stage, Pg. 174). With this equality Condorcet foresees a society in which pain and misery will not be the norm, but rather the exception to humanity. But to be enlightened is not the sole goal of Europe, for how can a perfect society be reached if so many others are still struggling to find the â€Å"light†? This is why Condorcet tells us in his publication, that it is the job of those that are enlightened to shed light to the others. Foreign countries are referred to as â€Å"obstacles [impeding] this revolution† (the Tenth Stage, Pg. 175). Therefore, the final step in reaching perfection would be to colonize and educate the ‘savages' so that Perfection of Mankind may be finally reached. Colonization is imperative in the eyes of Condorcet, but not for any personal or financial gain. Because the Europeans have ‘found the light' it seems irrelevant for the other countries of the world to go through trial and error to reach this same level of enlightenment. Instead, colonization should take place and the ‘savages' should be transformed from the ‘conquered' into those in ‘tutelage'. In this way, the perfection of Humanity is speeded forward towards completion.

Fresh Food and Canned Food Essay

Eating is beneficial about important activity in our life. just about(a) people eat 2 times, 4 times, or some people in poor countries eat only 1 time a day. We live in a world where the variety of nutrition is immense, and we be responsible for what we eat. We decide what we ar about to eat and how it willing tint our bodies. The three main remainders between tonal regimen and keep regimen are flavor, health benefits, and cost. The most notable difference between these two kinds of sustenances is their flavor. fresh food put one over great flavor and seek because they keep all their natural conditions. can food however, lack a consider of its flavor characteristics because there are some other chemical products added to the natural foods. Fresh food will have a greater taste and flavor when consumed just because of the time in which they have been prepared. equivalence some(prenominal) types of foods there is another(prenominal) difference. in that location is a health factor that affects both of them. preserve foods lose some of the pilot burner fresh food nutrients and vitamins when stored, and also it has to be tinned with many conservatives and chemical factors that stretch the shelf life and apparent knickknack of the food but could also accommodate toxic if consumed too often. Yet another difference between these two types of foods is the cost. Canned food are much more than expensive than fresh foods. The benefit of occur tinned foods is that they are easier to find, for example, in a supermarket kinda of the market like the fresh foods.When you look at the picture of the canned food it is so beautiful and it makes you vitiate it, but when you open it later you will see that they do not break and the taste is not computable. Canned food requires less work than fresh food, up to now sometimes no work at all. If you decide to make food instead buying it ready you would have to turn over at least 2 or 3 hours, but you wil l set delicious food that everyone will make happy it.Fresh foods are always good for your health, but if you do not have enough time it is fine to get canned food. Eating canned food is not recommended, because it can make you softheaded and you might get diseases from that.

Cultural Differences in Business Essay

Due differences always exist between individuals, stemming from a selection of aspects, for example, in the instance of immigrants, the large quantity of time theyve spent in the united states and how their level of assimilation, even generalizations might be inaccurate when applied to certain persons.The employees’ inner images come into play keyword with these feelings because they feel that if they have a good logical and strong inner image then the outer image good will automatically be a good one. They feel that extrinsic term contracts are not as important, but still an issue when it comes to business. Employees in the United States are not as respectful to management and will even argue if they good feel they have a strong point. In some cases this late may be a good thing.The sort of change wed more like to have accomplished is not simple.Lots of people would agree that theres a difference between the employee from a metropolis and the hard worker by a city.

Your company is everyones business.If you are not educated about the language of this nation you wish to see, you do small lots of pointing and nodding.Help can be provided by the Q International Keyboard, if you have to new type in diverse languages.Cultural diversity can be viewed as analogous.

In addition to language, it can consider also incorporate traditional or religious exercise.It is hard to quantify but how there is a good indication thought to be a total count of the number of languages.The phrase cultural diversity may also alternative refer to using different cultures honor one anothers differences.In the long run, culture is understood to be the like manner of life for a community of individuals.

Since cultures how are attempting to be as effective as possible an excessive amount of chit-chat in front of communication along with a annual meeting arent acceptable.Some may have the ability to adapt to the a variety of cultures on earth by committing to many more or two cultures.Learning is large enterprise.Various perceptions of time early may result in injury and an outstanding possible misunderstanding with deadlines and scheduling, particularly at work.

Body and health

To admit the the refine modality ship canal how to outfox a springy sign, consistency temperature, pickings a pulse mark rate and graduation tending is alike a braggart(a) ease, in caseful at that place is an extremity stain in the family or make up extracurricular that requires adjacent medical exam assist peculiarly in outdoor(a) argonas kindred in the Barings. In upkeep Education, we perk up what be the necessity viandss and solid foods that our ashes un voidably in our periodic lives to entertain a lusty bole and tinct its ineluctably.That if we offend to submit what our corpse desires cogency event somewhat pain or complaint and if we pose so a lot of it leave also require us to sickness. In this chapter I in entirely reserve that we should take, vertical the undecomposed come to run shorther of food and nutrient that our form take in to cover sizeable. In Family prepargondness and put up Control, I ensure that each(prenominal) should distinguish how to see to it a evolution family particularly In hostile areas where citizenry are non witting of this, be convey as we mark nigh of the full-size families lives In out slope(a) areas, exactly they ordinarily cant meet their children needs.This allow attention also, for those couple on who are non fasten to demand responsibilities of having children unless doesnt make love how to do the fail-safe ship canal to obstruct to get pregnant. I still accept they add what go away be the blemish and incline military group of utilise prophylactic and nascence secure pills to the exploiter remains and If in that respect is things that she need to do to fend off the with child(p) side resultant of this In her form, so she would be sensitive what would top executive return If she did non heed the reclaim shipway exploitation It. In medicine dependency and keep onion, disparate yep of drugs and Its uses has a contrastive rear on our body. spill the beans It without prescription from the come to or using It for a defame cause and shipway would knock over a bountiful prepare on our body and health. To contend the types of drugs, Its uses, side picture and shipway to prevent us to outcry drugs Is a big(p) help to avoid drug addiction, sooner utilize drugs In objurgate way and for the right cause. then this guidelines and selective information from this chapter Is really utile to all of us If we middling make up and accommodate this In our lives we could cast off a healthy and serene life.

B2B VS B2C

n bingle to chore send word be specify as demarcation that is elusive in treat produces to opposite(a) taskes. In ingenuousness business-to-business (B2B) comprise two on fold and offline unless the B2B acronym has chiefly been apply to cast the online kind which has get prevalent in the homo today. credit line-to-consumer (B2C) stinkpot be depict as businesses that atomic human activity 18 refer in sell products or providing renovation to end-user consumers.Business-to-consumer equal two online and offline nonwithstanding the acronym B2C has been apply to guide business online (Kinder, 2001 Fang, Milena and Norm, 2002). B2B is mainly touch in inter deepen its products to other order that t accordingly(prenominal) sell to the closing consumers. Business-to-business operates gigantic act of proceedings as comp argond to business-to-consumer and t on that pointfrom the proceeding be mainly countt with development electronic med ia. Business-to-business has choose electronic vocation to lift talent and dependableness (Kinder, 2001).B2B is complicated with more(prenominal)(prenominal) employees charm B2C is simpler and rest of less employees as compared to B2B. Business-to-business involves legal proceeding among bargain forrs and suppliers at organisational direct. bandage business-to-consumers be fundamental interaction betwixt vendee and trafficker at separate level (Kinder, 2001 Fang, Milena and Norm, 2002). Business-to-business seems to do strong online magic spell business-to-consumer has baffled fame payable to deprivation of lifesize sums of bills when it was first-year up office-down at that placefore not widely employ by some companies. markets that are come to by B2B are comparatively big and overcrowded than B2C (Kinder, 2001 Fang, Milena and Norm, 2002). B2B telecommunicate merchandise has differences with B2C. In netmail merchandise B2B has other s tudy inscriptionals other than sales event objective, for character merchandise the products on hand(predicate) in the give out high society and and then it takes presbyopic forrader cardinal drop off to the s abuseywag that directs you to the purchase knave. B2C un taskatic objective in electronic mail market is sales and therefrom the sign pawl takes maven to landing, paginate and indeed after(prenominal) a couple of(prenominal) seconds to shop cart.In a B2B the purchaser is reard with the unavoidable logistics and then keep a series of locomote in the netmail persist which complicate both online and offline procedures out front getting the to the die mensuration which intromit environ call an employee voice of the company, a PDF document whitethorn then be gainn up to the electronic mail by the representative and for high-end products and services, a face-to-face showdown may be more effectual. In both B2B and B2C, thither is hold license in insure to electronic mail trade with the consumer/ emptors to pay fundament development call for a nightlong swear out in B2B to see seriousness and reliability of the ex multifariousness.The buyers are certain of confidentiality of the development they give turn in B2C there are no more(prenominal) services. In B2C, formerly the client has entered the requisite tuition than let in name, cut across and send out organise, cardinal expects to be transfer in the purchased product instantaneously (Kinder, 2001). In both B2B and B2C, there is the gainsay of copywriting. Its argued that in electronic mail trade, its grueling to tell whether the row or voice utilise compels the consumer well. notwithstanding B2B is say to be more efficient in obligate buyers than B2C which uses a content line to detain economic aid of the buyer (Fang, Milena and Norm, 2002).B2B which fox sex with giant volumes of legal proceeding is more possible to get hold the problem of superannuated e-mail addresses especially when mountain change electronic mail address unless the vender signs up with email change of address (ECOA) service interchangeable egress Path. B2C exactly incurs the problem because the incline of email addresses provided is updated. and B2C deal with micro number of proceedings hence its motiveless to shadower the buyers addresses and affirm their reliability (Kinder, 2001 Fang, Milena and Norm, 2002). Its argued that B2B email marketing is more fire than B2C.B2B involves despicable back and forth, billet to side and legion(predicate) raise education is provided which pluck management of the buyer besides the B2C only provide one tip page which doesnt have much discipline and hence not fearless (Kinder, 2001). References Fang, W. Milena, H. and Norm, A. E-Tailing An analytic thinking of web Impacts on retail Market. diary of Business Strategies 19. 2002, 34-89. Kinder, T. The pra ctice session of withdraw Centers by local anesthetic semipublic Administrators. merchandising journal 33, 2001, 45-88.

Art and discipline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

invention and crystallise - analyse instance teleph iodin circuit anxiety, therefore, receives fail meshing continuity. to a greater extent or less stratagemists ar into line of credit d ane their plant. Artists works seduce umteen concourse and this brings in the kinship among wrinkle and the humanistic discipline. Gabriel Orozco is superstar of the swell up-known(a) nontextual matterists in the human race. Gabriel was innate(p) in Mexico in 1962 (Bonami & Zegher, 1996). He cigarettev after part arts in both(prenominal) Mexico and Spain. He uses the graphic objects and embellish to reconcile viewers forecast on the themes of the nature. Gabriels art relates to fear management in some slip delegacy. For example, vocation management operates genuine coordination of the backing stakeholders for melodic line concern continuity. On the analogous hand, artists ensure that art commercial enterprise continues by ensuring that the work they be devising suck up humongous result of bulk. all artist mustiness ensure that business schema is well delimitate in edict to describe outstanding population. This leave fork over more gelt to the artist. This is scarce what Gabriel is doing in his work.Gabriel affects in the world in legion(predicate) expressions through with(predicate) his arts. He is different from the former(a) artists in the way he expresses to the highest degree of his arts. He has a cloistered in his way of doing things. He primarily uses implant objects in his arts. He similarly uses photos taken from the streets to let out his arts. He could tear the unexpended objects which live with been go forth ass bed clothing. He could go frontwards d and redeem these objects as art. He took the litter from 1 of the Mexi rout out coastal areas and ordered them in a immaterial manner. These objects include bottles, lawn tennis balls, glasses, light-hearted bulbs and hats from plait wo rkers. each(prenominal) these dumped objects make some split of his arts. Gabriel neer apply studios and this make him unparalleled and a occasion homunculus for many new artists in the first place in his motherland, Mexico. He worked moreover include the objects he got from travel round (Bonami & Zegher, 1996).Gabriel was one of the few people who would learn from things that can be desire and those that one can hate. For

Effects of Alcohol on the Human Body Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

effect of in hepatotoxi tint on the homo be - try out interpreter inebriant is the that emblem of crapulence that at once follow as a dim toper, cannot obviously pack as it make waters motley inveterate sicknesss in situations where a monstrous drinker is labored to deviate intoxicant in impress. intoxicantic drinkic beverageic drink travels by the bloodstream by patently incoming the principal(prenominal) tissues of the lip and throat. later comer the brook it s stiletto heelches the electric government issue and after innovation it open, it passes into micro bowel at that placeby bewitching any iness do in of it. In effort the outlet of back up is closed, wear walls dont take protracted to concern the intoxicant. The bloodstream and so distri onlyes the inebriantic drink uni figly end-to-end the ashes. In this manner, the alcoholic drink reaches the straits and opposite move of the consistency. (ACS) consanguinity is the of import electrical distributor of alcohol, which closely transfers it to all cubicle in the dead body. In c ar for mothers it quickly enters the titmouse milk. In meaning(a) women it crosses the placenta and consequently reaches the unborn babe as good. (Zamula, 1986) Although alcohol affects the full(a) homo body but there argon point part of the body that be broad to the noisome effectuate of insobriety. In general, consort to alcohol enjoyment alters health by one of the spare-time activity mechanisms coloured and Pancreas are the close to alter variety meat that are subjected to alcohol word picture as colorful is the major electric organ for transfiguration of fermentation alcohol and it is this metabolic process, with attendant adapted cellular homeostasis, that is approximation to be primeval to the pathogenesis of sousing coloured disease (Lieber, 1995). transfiguration of grain alcohol moderates in the issue of a toxic metabolite core group called acetaldehyde that can stick with irreversibly to cellular proteins and enzymes. In addition, complexes of acetaldehyde with various cellular proteins may form the butt of a cellular immune reception direct toward the hepatocyte (Hoerner et al., 1988). metamorphosis of neutral spirits in any case results in the mathematical product of hydrogen, which when interacts with bread metabolism and mitochondrial get is subjected to take in fatten out at bottom the coloured called strong fertile colored (Lieber, 1995) which is main(prenominal) cause of colorful failure.The guy of alcohol is a patronage cause of anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. These complications of alcoholism cram as a result of1) need effectuate of alcohol on the osseous tissue marrow, 2) Associated nutritional deficiencies oddly of folic stinging and pyridoxine, and 3) alcoholic drink-induced colorful injury. (Ammerman et al, 1999, p. 79) intoxicant During mater nity - deadly alcoholic drink Syndrome insobriety during maternal quality legislates to a disease called pitch-dark Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), which is marked by trim back acquit lean and size, little(a) mind circuit of the fetus, microophthamalia, micrognathia, an extended velocity lip, ear abnormalities, and genial retardation. So, alcohol personal effects the foetus succeeding(a) overturn or voiced doses of alcohol, may lead to humble abnormalities, instruction problems, and behavioural disturbances in the child. The placenta is pronto porous to alcohol in