The Use of Force and Wars on Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Use of Force and Wars on Terrorism - Essay Example The Charter’s Article 51 stipulates (Dinstein 2001, 161): â€Å"Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security.† Hence, a country can respond in self-defence or self-preservation against a terrorist assault, but not unless the Security Council has performed steps needed to uphold security, peace, and order. The immunity for self-defence stated in Article 51 is the single clear omission to the prohibition of Article 2(4). This Article, according to Dinstein (2001), presumes that international law currently necessitates at least the possibility of a forthcoming armed attack before a nation may react forcefully or violently against the political independence or territorial integrity of another nation. Nevertheless, even as the terrorists have perpetrate d an armed assault, the right to wield force against the attackers positioned in a state is anomalous except if the terrorist activities can be attributed to the state (Kittrich 2008). Hence, an important question is when can terrorism be attributed to the state where in it manoeuvres? Since an assault against terrorism breaches the host state’s territorial integrity, the terrorists’ armed assault should be ascribed to that particular state (Kittrich 2008). It would then be legally acceptable to wield force against the terrorists positioned in that state. This paper tries to address this primary question: Do terrorists’ acts constitute a violation of Article 2(4), which justifies wars on terrorism as an act of self-defence under the UN Charter? Use of Force against Terrorism The impact of the UN Charter on a state’s innate right to embark on traditional self-preservation has long been a point of contention. Nevertheless, nowadays, many think that the trad itional international law authority to self-protection is unchanged by the Charter’s Article 51 and that this natural right to self-preservation involves a right to defensive self-protection (Boethe 2003). Others claim that Article 51 in fact removed preventative self-defence as a lawful rationale for the exercise of armed or violent force, and, without an armed attack, a nation should restrict itself to mobilizations to defend against such an assault, even despite of clear assault mobilizations being carried out by another nation (Penna 1991). This Article reinforces the argument of those who claim that states sustain the traditional natural right to defensive self-protection. Threats of international terrorism currently take place in the form of anachronistic groups that embody majority of the features of a state: organisation, preparation, training, disposed forces, resources, and possible possession of weapons of mass destruction. Nevertheless, dissimilar from states, the se terrorist groups are headed by people who are ready to use suicide operations routinely and who show a complete disrespect to the authority of law and human life (Dinstein 2001). Certainly, the success of such assaults relies on a state unaware of how or when these assaults will subsequently take place. Hence, a state may legally respond on the supposition that, due to the constantly displayed unusual characteristic and operational strategies of particular transnational terrorist groups, an assault by such

Modernisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Modernisation - Essay Example As a result of this each unit focused on a specific task and was directly accountable for it. Cowper (2001) goes on to say that post 1997, in the second phase of the reform process, the labour Government headed by Tony Blair has focused on 'partnership and collaboration within the public sector.' The focus he says has " shifted from outputs to outcomes, and there is a drive to take a longer-term view in policymaking and a consumer view in service delivery." A significant aspect of modernization has been the introduction of technology to the various areas of work. Consumerist orientation of the public sector has also been an area of focus. According to Schofield, (2003) The biggest challenge for the public sector is to ensure high quality service within a limited budget. Along with these aspects comes the key area of employee relations. As the structure and focus of the organization changes, the impact is likely to be felt most by the people who work in the organization. This paper focuses on the implications of this modernization agenda on public sector industrial relations Using the available research and publications on the modernization of the public sector and public service employment relations, this paper will begin by looking at the need for modernization and the key objectives of modernization. The next section will focus on the changing face of industrial relations in the age of modernization. The focus will then shift to the significance of employee relations in the present era. Based on the findings of Dr. Stephen Bach's paper titled 'HR and new approaches to Public Sector Management: Improving HRM Capacity' (2000) and Lynette Harris' paper titled, 'UK public sector reform and gaining commitment to the 'performance agenda," (2003) this section will deal with some of the challenges that lie ahead in the modernization or reform focus. The key issue raised will be the need for better Human resource Management Practices to ensure better employee relations and greater job satisfaction. What is Modernisation According to the Policy Brief, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005),Today Governments all over the world are under increasing pressure to open up to public scrutiny and be more accessible to the people who elected them. It was with a view to cater to this public demand , increase public trust in the Government and to improve the quality of services offered by the public sector that the Government , Cowper (2001) says introduced its modernizing agenda with a 5 point programme: a. to make policy making more evidence-based b. to make services more responsive, more coherent public and focused on the user; c. to deliver high quality, efficient public services; d. to introduce information age, on-line government including the first corporate IT strategy for government to value and reward public service with a program of Civil Service reform e. and greater diversity in recruitment As Cowper (2001) points out, the driving force behind the modernization agenda is the outcome. This model focuses on the result for the user in terms of their life or business and for the government in terms of social or economic or political change. It is not just in the United Kingdom but across the world that public sector management is in a flux. According to a white

Management Concepts in Hospitals Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management Concepts in Hospitals - Assignment Example The efforts were towards advertising in the native languages and also developing simple 'guide to hospital' pamphlets in native languages. Childbirth classes were given in native languages. Extensive media advertisement was done too. The idea was to make it family-centered care. Multilingual physicians and nurses were catering the patients. This was enhanced by presentable looks of the hospital characterized by a large state of the art labor rooms and postpartum rooms with Jacuzzis and rooms for family members. The market orientation of an organization is directly related to overall business performance, employee commitment, and esprit de corps. The above quality improvement measures turned out to be a good business strategy too. The marketing presence was further enhanced by creating a new maternity services 'brand' for the hospital-the graphic image of infant footprint. The hospital further stated its presence loudly through aggressive advertisement. 1. Focus on the customer -serving majorly in the native language, advertising in native languages, organizing cultural shows for the ethnic population and in general making the people feel at home for the stressful event of childbirth to take place. 3. 2. Extensive research into the ethnic ways and this followed by aggressive promotional activities in culturally acquainted [to the ethnic populaces] ways. 3. More presentable looks and adoption of hospital services 'brand'-the infant footprint-all this made the community hospital more professional in outlook. Lager labor rooms and post-partum rooms with Jacuzzis were a similar step.   As the overall marketing orientation is related to staff motivation, the work standards were bound to improve with more number of satisfied customers. The staff's esprit de corps is directly related to the success of the organizational behavior[Knights and Willmott, 67]. Thus better business would've been a catalyst for better work again. While the hospital's overall rapport with the general public improved with the improved reputation the staff and administration produced better results.  

Supply chain management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Supply chain management - Coursework Example In this reference, this paper endeavors to identify the problems faced by the corporative foods it its supply chain management and the competitors in the products and services they deal in (Good, & Schultz, 2000). Corporative food is a UK based firm that specializes in the Supply chain management of food products. Some of the features the company boasts of are the wide range of food products they deal in to the efficiency, modernity, and ethical consideration that are put into place before their products are dispatched (Steers, Runde, & Nardon, 2010). Notwithstanding, the company is also faced with a plethora of problems. The major challenge being increasing its customer base, this is following the realization of a fall in the profit margin by 0.2% in the last financial year (Paley, 2005). The company has therefore decided to undergo major reformation in a move to restore the company back to its initial market base. The fall in the profit margin is attributed to the aggressive compet itors who have fiercely invaded the cooperative market strongholds. Some of the worthy competitors in the market includes; Big bear, Foo Go, and Sara’s Kitchen (Miletsky, & Smith, 2009). ... ered; Features and Benefits of the Product The company has decided to make their products unique in quality and other features like packaging as well as opening more of their branches to trap extra market (Sears, 2003). Most of the products of the company are natural and organic nature, this is a move is seen to be able to attract more customers on grounds that they are mindful about health. In reference to this, the company also has sought several product certification bodies to build confidence of the customers on their products (Kangas, 2003). Price The company has also considered reducing the cost of production, transportation and other logistics to retail their products cheaper than the competitors have. This they perceive will give them a clear cutting age over the cutthroat competition that the competitors have mounted (Hoppe, 2001). Brand Name recognition One of the major ways of piecing through the market is creation of a brand name. The brand name creation involves consiste nt marketing coupled with entering into alliances with other cooperatives (Hertog, & Huizenga, 2000). This is what cooperative company has sought. They have engaged several other related cooperative to create a wide range of awareness of their products. In all this efforts, the company is keeping a vigil eye on the progress and response to the laid strategies (Abrams, & Kleiner, 2003). Interrelationship Stages The company has embraced the interrelationship of marketing their products by associating with other relevant companies to promote them (Vollmann, 2005). This in itself is a good move as long as the other body consents to the deal. It is also important in this case to ascertain the public perception on the company, this is because is it has a dwindling opinion form the public; it is

Management Concepts in Hospitals Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management Concepts in Hospitals - Assignment Example The efforts were towards advertising in the native languages and also developing simple 'guide to hospital' pamphlets in native languages. Childbirth classes were given in native languages. Extensive media advertisement was done too. The idea was to make it family-centered care. Multilingual physicians and nurses were catering the patients. This was enhanced by presentable looks of the hospital characterized by a large state of the art labor rooms and postpartum rooms with Jacuzzis and rooms for family members. The market orientation of an organization is directly related to overall business performance, employee commitment, and esprit de corps. The above quality improvement measures turned out to be a good business strategy too. The marketing presence was further enhanced by creating a new maternity services 'brand' for the hospital-the graphic image of infant footprint. The hospital further stated its presence loudly through aggressive advertisement. 1. Focus on the customer -serving majorly in the native language, advertising in native languages, organizing cultural shows for the ethnic population and in general making the people feel at home for the stressful event of childbirth to take place. 3. 2. Extensive research into the ethnic ways and this followed by aggressive promotional activities in culturally acquainted [to the ethnic populaces] ways. 3. More presentable looks and adoption of hospital services 'brand'-the infant footprint-all this made the community hospital more professional in outlook. Lager labor rooms and post-partum rooms with Jacuzzis were a similar step.   As the overall marketing orientation is related to staff motivation, the work standards were bound to improve with more number of satisfied customers. The staff's esprit de corps is directly related to the success of the organizational behavior[Knights and Willmott, 67]. Thus better business would've been a catalyst for better work again. While the hospital's overall rapport with the general public improved with the improved reputation the staff and administration produced better results.  

Xing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Xing - Coursework Example Xing magazine will offer the level of quality advertisement and services that you can expect from a world class magazine. It is therefore safe to say that the company will build its reputation based on results for discerning client base. Xing magazine will give the value for your money because it will provide advertisement services to a wide range of people and entities based all over the globe. As an advertising company, we always strive to improve the quality of service to the clients. To ensure we offer the greatest quality ads. Even though the company will start by first offering hard copy magazine, Xing aims at going digital in the first 6 months of operations. Fashion and style is no doubt a business concept on the rise. That is, the 21st century population loves fashion and always wants to look smart. Fashion is an all-round concept that engages everybody in every industry. From managers, manufacturing, schools to tourists and many more. Irrespective of your industry, be assured that Xing has your style. For instance; for managers Xing will make sure that you and your employees are well dressed and you will be the center of attention whenever you attend executive conferences; for tourists industry, be assured that fashion and style will be incorporated in your adverts to attract as many tourists as possible and these just a tip on the iceberg. Xing is a profession company that will help you in creating the visuals and lay out ads in relation to the latest fashions and styles in the market. Xing magazine believes that there is nothing more fun and freeing than fashion design shopping. After a very tiresome day at work, it feels great to trade in layers of dark tights, delicate dresses, strappy sandals, wedding dresses and much more fashion oriented. Though Xing consider fashion sense classic, we will always choose one trend to try when the seasons change. The idea of Xing magazine is to have a trailblazing

The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time Essay Example for Free

The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time Essay The novel â€Å"The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time† by Mark Haddon is a very unique novel. It is unique in many ways as it’s written through the eyes of someone with Aspegers Syndrome and this condition is explored throughout the novel. The novel is about a fifteen year old boy called Christopher who has Aspegers Syndrome. This condition doesn’t allow him to understand things the way people without this condition would. The novel shoes how Christopher grows up, some of the experiences he goes through and how he copes with and understands life. The themes in the novel are growing up, living with special needs and the most important theme family relationships. â€Å"The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time† has a unique style in that it has been written through the eyes of a person with Aspegers. As it has been written through the eyes of a person with Aspegers it is different to most novels and reveals the writers personality. The narrator, Christopher Boone, who has Aspegers can’t understand people and has to include every detail and explain everything he says. The narrative style is written in a logical way with lists and diagrams. Using lists and diagrams in the novel helped us understand Christopher’s condition more. As that is the way he thinks and works things out so he can comprehend them. Also as we see everything form Christopher’s point of view it conveys to us that he sees the world with perfect clarity. In part of the novel Christopher talks about how he doesn’t like metaphors. Christopher doesn’t like them because they confuse him and he doesn’t understand them. â€Å"He was the apple of her eye. † Christopher does not understand this metaphor because he sees it as a lie. He sees it as a lie because an apple in someone’s eye has nothing to do with liking someone. Since they have nothing to do with each other it makes Christopher forget about what they were talking about in the first place. This section adds tour understanding of Christopher’s problems because as he has Aspergers he only sees the world in black or white. Metaphors are a grey area so he can’t process them in his brain. Throughout the novel Christopher struggles to interact with other characters and finds it difficult to understand them. For example, at the beginning of the story when the policeman is talking to Christopher he finds it difficult to interact with him. â€Å"The policeman took hold of my arm and lifted me onto my feet. I didn’t like him touching me like this and this is why I hit him. † Since Christopher has Aspergers he doesn’t like being touched. If someone touches him he feels like he is being attacked and reacts to it. This is why he hit the policeman. Another reason why Christopher finds it difficult to interact with other people is that he can’t understand facial expressions. As he can’t understand facial expressions he finds it hard to know what people are saying and therefore finds it difficult to interact with them. In part of the novel it explains why Christopher doesn’t ‘get’ jokes. He says â€Å"I cannot tell jokes because I do not understand them. † he doesn’t understand jokes because as he has Aspergers Syndrome he has to analyse and think everything through in a logical way before understanding what things mean. For example, â€Å"His face was drawn by the curtains were real. † Christopher doesn’t understand this joke because after he has thought about it he realises that â€Å"drawn† has three different meanings. This confuses Christopher and because of his condition it makes him feel like three people are talking to him at once. This helps us to understand they way he thinks and sees the world too. Due to the nature of Christopher’s condition he is unaware of the problems he causes for his parents. Since he has Aspergers it causes his parents to argue and eventually causes his mother to leave. His parents would argue because his mother couldn’t cope with Christopher’s actions. For example, one time his mother couldn’t cope was when she took him shopping. And you crouched down on the floor and put your hands over your ears and you were in the way of everyone so I got cross†¦But you shouted and knocked those mixers of the shelf. † This situation upsets her and causes a row between his parents. After a while both his parents cant cope with arguing anymore so his mum then leaves. She leaves because she believes her husband is better with Christopher and she feels inadequate to deal with him. Christopher is unaware of the problems he causes because that is just the way he thinks. This gives us a better understanding of how he thins and deals with problems to having Aspergers. As the novel goes on the relationship between Christopher and his father change and conflict develops between them at the beginning their relationship is very positive and strong. For example, when Christopher gets taken to the police station his father shouts at the police in defence of his son. This shows that’s he cares about Christopher and that he is not angry at him fro getting taking to the police station. Also when his father sees Christopher inside the cell they both hold up their hands and their fingers touch. This s how they show that they love each other as Christopher hates to be hugged or touched. Their relationship begins to deteriorate when his father banged his fist on the table really hard so that the plates and the cutlery jumped around. He also shouts at Christopher. This was the first time his father had lost his patience with him. Later in the novel Christopher made a huge mistake which made the relationship fall apart. His father found the book Christopher was writing and reacted by swearing at him and eventually hit him. This made their relationship hit rock bottom and Christopher began to become scared of his father. The Christopher find out that his father had lied about is mother being dead and that he killed Wellington. After he finds out he cant trust his father anymore. This causes him to run away to find his mother. When he is at his mothers house his father comes to her house shouting and demanding to see Christopher but he doesn’t want to speak to him but their relationship wills never be the same again. As Christopher has Aspergers he is obsessed with certain things for instance, he likes everything to be in an order and good days and blacks days. He works out if he’s having a good day or a black day from cars. If he saw three red cars it was a good day and if he saw four yellows it was black days. He also is obsessed with maths and physics because he likes them and he is very good at them. He likes so much as they only have one answer and are straightforward which helps him to understand them. In the novel Christopher explains his dream. In his dream everyone on the earth is dead except from the people who don’t understand facial expressions like Christopher. Everyone dies because they all catch a virus. They catch the virus because of the meaning of something an infected person says and what facial expressions they do when they say it. After everyone is dead and there is only people left like Christopher, he can do whatever he wants and never see anyone as they all like being alone. The symbolic significance in the dream is that everyone who is alive is like Christopher. Therefore in the dream Christopher fits in and life is a lot easier because everyone tells the truth and no emotions are included. So they all understand each other and they are all happy. One key scene in the novel is when Christopher finds the letters from his mother and realises she isn’t dead. When he first realised what was going on he felt sick and confused. This is the first time we can see Christopher experiencing emotional pain. He doesn’t know what to do so he just sits curled up in a ball for a long time and doesn’t speak. This scene helps us to understand Christopher’s condition as it shows us that when Christopher is confused or emotional he doesn’t speak or do anything so that he can either analyse what’s happening or to try put the subject out of his mind. Another key scene in the novel is when Christopher talks about when people tell you what to do it normally doesn’t make sense or it’s confusing. For example, keep of the grass signs. He thinks that they should say â€Å"keep off the grass around this sign or keep of the grass in this park. † people without Aspergers would understand this sign but as Christopher has Aspergers this sign confuses him. It confuses him because he thinks abut it logically and realises that there is a lot of grass that you are allowed to walk on. This scene also helps us understand Christopher’s condition because it shows us that everything he sees he has to be able to understand it logically to be able to understand it at all. In conclusion, I think the novel was really good. I liked how it was written through the eyes of someone with Aspergers as it helped you understand the novel more and also taught you about people with the condition. I also think that because it was written in narrative style it helped you to respond to Christopher better and really understands what he was going through and how he seen the world from his point of view.